---
title: autumn — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «autumn» in the school dictionary: Autumn is the season between summer and winter, when leaves change colour and fall and days get shorter and cooler. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# autumn

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Autumn, leaves, days, Squirrels, We, autumn term · **What happens:** be, change, fall, get, call, turn · **To what, where:** season, colour, it, American English, nuts, conkers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«autumn» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [autumn in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/autumn.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Autumn is the season between summer and winter, when leaves change colour and fall and days get shorter and cooler.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:m1:1
# text = Autumn is the season between summer and winter, when leaves change colour and fall and days get shorter and cooler.
1	Autumn	Autumn	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	between	between	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
11	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
13	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
18	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
19	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	18	xcomp	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	cooler	cool	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Autumn | the season |  |  | summer |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **change** | present | leaves | colour |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Patient |
| 3 | **fall** | infinitive | leaves *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **get** | present | days |  |  |  |  | short *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In American English it is mostly called fall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:m2:1
# text = In American English it is mostly called fall.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
6	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | it |  | American English |  | mostly *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In autumn the leaves turn red and gold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x1:1
# text = In autumn the leaves turn red and gold.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	turn	turn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | the leaves |  |  |  | autumn | red *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Squirrels bury nuts in autumn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x2:1
# text = Squirrels bury nuts in autumn.
1	Squirrels	squirrel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bury	bury	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	nuts	nut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bury** | present | Squirrels | nuts |  |  | autumn |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nut=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We collected conkers in autumn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x3:1
# text = We collected conkers in autumn.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	collected	collect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	conkers	conker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | past | We | conkers |  |  | autumn |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conker=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The autumn term starts in September.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x4:1
# text = The autumn term starts in September.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	starts	start	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	September	September	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | present | the autumn term |  |  |  | september |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Days get shorter in autumn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x5:1
# text = Days get shorter in autumn.
1	Days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Days |  |  |  |  | short *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Australia, autumn comes in March.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x6:1
# text = In Australia, autumn comes in March.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	March	March	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | autumn |  |  | Australia | march |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in australia=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hedgehogs get ready to hibernate in autumn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x7:1
# text = Hedgehogs get ready to hibernate in autumn.
1	Hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	hibernate	hibernate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Hedgehogs |  |  |  |  | ready *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **hibernate** | to-infinitive | Hedgehogs *not said here* |  |  |  | autumn |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I love jumping in piles of autumn leaves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x8:1
# text = I love jumping in piles of autumn leaves.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	love	love	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	jumping	jump	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	piles	pile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **love** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **jump** *not said to happen* | gerund | I *not said here* |  |  | piles of autumn leaves |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in pile=Trajectory |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was growing late in the autumn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:autumn:x9:1
# text = It was growing late in the autumn.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past · progressive | It |  |  |  | autumn | late *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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