---
title: auxiliary — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «auxiliary» in the school dictionary: adjective: Giving extra help or support: an auxiliary engine is a backup. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/auxiliary/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [A](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/) / auxiliary

# auxiliary

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** adjective, auxiliary engine, She, I, am, ship · **What happens:** give, be, do, use, run, eat · **To what, where:** extra help, backup, helping verb, auxiliary verb, auxiliary engine, auxiliary · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«auxiliary» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [auxiliary in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/auxiliary.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
adjective: Giving extra help or support: an auxiliary engine is a backup.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:m1:1
# text = adjective: Giving extra help or support: an auxiliary engine is a backup.
1	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
3	Giving	give	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
4	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	support	support	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	backup	backup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | gerund | adjective and a backup *not said here* | extra help or support |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent help=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a auxiliary engine | a backup |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
noun (grammar): A helping verb, like be, have or do, used with another verb: «She IS running», «I HAVE eaten».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:m2:1
# text = noun (grammar): A helping verb, like be, have or do, used with another verb: «She IS running», «I HAVE eaten».
1	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	helping	helping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	parataxis	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	20	det	_	_
20	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
24	IS	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
28	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
30	HAVE	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | have *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  | a helping verb *not said here* |  |  |  | with another verb | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **run** *in a quote* | present · progressive | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **eat** *in a quote* | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
noun.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:m3:1
# text = noun.
1	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A helper or extra worker, like a nursing auxiliary.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:m3e:1
# text = A helper or extra worker, like a nursing auxiliary.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	helper	helper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	worker	worker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	nursing	nurse	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **nurse** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «I am eating», «am» is the auxiliary verb.

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:x1:1
# text = In «I am eating», «am» is the auxiliary verb.
1	In	in	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	am	a.m.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** *in a quote* | present · progressive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | am | the auxiliary verb |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ship used its auxiliary engine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:x2:1
# text = The ship used its auxiliary engine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the ship | ship's auxiliary engine |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent engine=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Do» is the auxiliary in «Do you like it?».

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:x3:1
# text = «Do» is the auxiliary in «Do you like it?».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | the auxiliary |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **like** *in a quote* | present · do-support | you | auxiliary |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot it=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She works as a nursing auxiliary.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:x4:1
# text = She works as a nursing auxiliary.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	nursing	nurse	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | She |  |  |  |  | as a nursing auxiliary | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.attribute PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent as auxiliary=Attribute |
| 2 | **nurse** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hospital has auxiliary power if the lights go out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:x5:1
# text = The hospital has auxiliary power if the lights go out.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hospital	hospital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
10	out	out	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the hospital | auxiliary power |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent power=Patient |
| 2 | **go out** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | the lights |  |  |  |  | out *property* | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Underline the auxiliary verbs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auxiliary:x6:1
# text = Underline the auxiliary verbs.
1	Underline	underline	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	auxiliary	auxiliary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	verbs	verb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **underline** | imperative | you *not said here* | the auxiliary verbs |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent verb=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [autumnal](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/autumnal/)
- next →: [avail](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/avail/)
- ↑ back to [A in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/)