---
title: bacteriophage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bacteriophage» in the school dictionary: A virus that infects and kills bacteria; often shortened to «phage». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/bacteriophage/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [B](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/) / bacteriophage

# bacteriophage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** virus, bacteriophage, Phages, antibiotics, Scientists, science poster · **What happens:** infect, kill, shorten, attack, look, help · **To what, where:** bacteria, virus, bacteriophages, river water, DNA, bacterium

<!-- .vabout -->
«bacteriophage» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bacteriophage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bacteriophage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A virus that infects and kills bacteria; often shortened to «phage».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:m1:1
# text = A virus that infects and kills bacteria; often shortened to «phage».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	infects	infect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	often	often	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	phage	phage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infect** | present | a virus |  |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **kill** | present | a virus *not said here* | bacteria |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme |
| 3 | **shorten** | participle · passive |  | a virus |  |  |  | to phage; often *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bacteriophage attacks only bacteria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:x1:1
# text = A bacteriophage attacks only bacteria.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bacteriophage	bacteriophage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	attacks	attack	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attack** | present | a bacteriophage | bacteria |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bacteriophage looks like a tiny lunar lander.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:x2:1
# text = The bacteriophage looks like a tiny lunar lander.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bacteriophage	bacteriophage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	lunar	lunar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	lander	lander	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the bacteriophage |  |  |  |  | like a tiny lunar lander | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Phages could help when antibiotics fail.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:x3:1
# text = Phages could help when antibiotics fail.
1	Phages	phage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	6	mark	_	_
5	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	fail	fail	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | could | Phages |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fail** | present | antibiotics |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists found bacteriophages in river water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:x4:1
# text = Scientists found bacteriophages in river water.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bacteriophages	bacteriophage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Scientists | bacteriophages |  | river water |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteriophage=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bacteriophage injects its DNA into a bacterium.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:x5:1
# text = A bacteriophage injects its DNA into a bacterium.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bacteriophage	bacteriophage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	injects	inject	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	DNA	DNA	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bacterium	bacterium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **inject** | present | a bacteriophage | bacteriophage's DNA |  | a bacterium |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dna=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our science poster showed a bacteriophage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bacteriophage:x6:1
# text = Our science poster showed a bacteriophage.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	poster	poster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bacteriophage	bacteriophage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our science poster | a bacteriophage |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent bacteriophage=Recipient |
| 2 | **post** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom poster «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [bacterial](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/bacterial/)
- next →: [bacterium](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/bacterium/)
- ↑ back to [B in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/)