---
title: balkan — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «balkan» in the school dictionary: To do with the Balkans, a mountainous region in south-east Europe. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/balkan/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [B](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/) / balkan

# balkan

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Balkan countries, We, Balkan Mountains, Many Balkan towns, She, Balkan music · **What happens:** do, lie, taste, stuff, run, have · **To what, where:** Balkans, south east, Balkan food, Bulgaria, old stone bridges, holiday

<!-- .vabout -->
«balkan» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [balkan in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/balkan.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with the Balkans, a mountainous region in south-east Europe.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:m1:1
# text = To do with the Balkans, a mountainous region in south-east Europe.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Balkans	Balkan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	mountainous	mountainous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
14	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  | the Balkans |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent balkan=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Balkans: the countries of that region, such as Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Kosovo.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:m2:1
# text = The Balkans: the countries of that region, such as Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Kosovo.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Balkans	Balkan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	12	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Greece	Greece	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	Albania	Albania	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	Bulgaria	Bulgaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	Macedonia	Macedonia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	Serbia	Serbia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	Bosnia	Bosnia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	Herzegovina	Herzegovina	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	Montenegro	Montenegro	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	Croatia	Croatia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	Kosovo	Kosovo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Balkan countries lie in south-east Europe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x1:1
# text = The Balkan countries lie in south-east Europe.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Balkan	Balkan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lie	lie	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | present | the Balkan countries |  |  | south east |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in east=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We tasted Balkan food like burek and stuffed peppers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x2:1
# text = We tasted Balkan food like burek and stuffed peppers.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tasted	taste	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Balkan	Balkan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	burek	burek	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	stuffed	stuff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	peppers	pepper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | past | We | Balkan food and stuffed peppers |  |  |  | like burek | vn seem-109 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Theme food=Attribute |
| 2 | **stuff** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Balkan Mountains run across Bulgaria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x3:1
# text = The Balkan Mountains run across Bulgaria.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Balkan	Balkan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Mountains	Mountain	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	across	across	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Bulgaria	Bulgaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | the Balkan Mountains |  |  | Bulgaria |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across bulgaria=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many Balkan towns have old stone bridges.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x4:1
# text = Many Balkan towns have old stone bridges.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	Balkan	balkan	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	bridges	bridge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Many Balkan towns | old stone bridges |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bridge=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She went on holiday to the Balkans last summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x5:1
# text = She went on holiday to the Balkans last summer.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	holiday	holiday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Balkans	Balkan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | She |  |  | holiday | summer | to the Balkans | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to balkan=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Balkan music often uses fast, lively rhythms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x6:1
# text = Balkan music often uses fast, lively rhythms.
1	Balkan	balkan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	often	often	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	lively	lively	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	rhythms	rhythm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Balkan music | lively rhythms |  |  |  | fast, often *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our history class learned about the Balkan wars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:balkan:x7:1
# text = Our history class learned about the Balkan wars.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Balkan	Balkan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	wars	war	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | Our history class |  |  |  |  | about the Balkan wars | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about war=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [baleen](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/baleen/)
- next →: [ball](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/ball/)
- ↑ back to [B in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/)