---
title: bark — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bark» in the school dictionary: A bark is the short loud sound a dog makes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bark

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** bark, dog, We, animals, coach, his · **What happens:** be, make, bark, hear, eat, bite · **To what, where:** short loud sound, hard outer covering, loud sharp voice, loud bark, next door, tree bark · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bark» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bark in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bark.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bark is the short loud sound a dog makes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:m1:1
# text = A bark is the short loud sound a dog makes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a bark | the short loud sound |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a dog | the short loud sound *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To bark is to make this sound.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:m2:1
# text = To bark is to make this sound.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	bark	bark	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bark** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | make *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bark is the hard outer covering of a tree trunk and branches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:m3:1
# text = Bark is the hard outer covering of a tree trunk and branches.
1	Bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	trunk	trunk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	branches	branch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Bark | the hard outer covering |  |  |  | of a tree trunk and branches | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To bark (at someone) is to say something in a loud, sharp voice, like an order.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:m4:1
# text = To bark (at someone) is to say something in a loud, sharp voice, like an order.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	bark	bark	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	say	say	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
13	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
15	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bark** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | at someone | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Agent at someone=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | a loud sharp voice |  | like a order; say *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dog barked at the postman.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x1:1
# text = The dog barked at the postman.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	barked	bark	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	postman	postman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bark** | past | the dog |  |  |  |  | at the postman | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Agent at postman=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We heard a loud bark from next door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x2:1
# text = We heard a loud bark from next door.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | We | a loud bark |  | next door |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent bark=Topic from door=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bark of the oak tree is rough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x3:1
# text = The bark of the oak tree is rough.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	oak	oak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the bark of the oak tree |  |  |  |  | rough *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some animals eat tree bark in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x4:1
# text = Some animals eat tree bark in winter.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present | some animals | tree bark |  |  | winter |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bark=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The coach barked orders at the team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x5:1
# text = The coach barked orders at the team.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	barked	bark	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	orders	order	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bark** | past | the coach | orders |  |  |  | at the team | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme PP.recipient PP.stimulus»: agent=Agent order=Theme at team=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His bark is worse than his bite.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x6:1
# text = His bark is worse than his bite.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	worse	bad	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	bite	bite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | His bark |  |  |  |  | than his bite; bad *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **bite** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom bite «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If you think I did it, you're barking up the wrong tree.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x7:1
# text = If you think I did it, you're barking up the wrong tree.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	barking	bark	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **do** | past | I | it |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |
| 3 | **bark up** | present · progressive | you | the wrong tree |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent tree=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Away, away," barked the old yard-dog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bark:x8:1
# text = "Away, away," barked the old yard-dog.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Away	away	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	away	away	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	_
7	barked	bark	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
10	yard	yard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bark** | past |  | the old yard dog |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent dog=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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