---
title: barter — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «barter» in the school dictionary: To barter means to swap things or services for other things instead of using money. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# barter

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Barter, I, other person, you, traders, 3 apples · **What happens:** barter, mean, swap, use, be, trade · **To what, where:** things, money, kind, two stickers, settlers, salt · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«barter» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [barter in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/barter.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To barter means to swap things or services for other things instead of using money.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:m1:1
# text = To barter means to swap things or services for other things instead of using money.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	barter	barter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	swap	swap	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	services	service	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
12	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=SCONJ	14	mark	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
15	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **barter** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **swap** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | things or services |  |  |  | for other things | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent thing=Theme for thing=Co-Theme |
| 4 | **use** | gerund |  | money |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Barter is this kind of trading by swapping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:m2:1
# text = Barter is this kind of trading by swapping.
1	Barter	Barter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
4	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	trading	trading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	swapping	swap	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Barter | this kind |  |  |  | of trading | tree rules |
| 2 | **swap** | gerund | Barter *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago, people bartered fish for bread.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x1:1
# text = Long ago, people bartered fish for bread.
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	bartered	barter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **barter** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I bartered two stickers for one shiny card.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x2:1
# text = I bartered two stickers for one shiny card.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bartered	barter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	stickers	sticker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	card	card	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **barter** | past | I | two stickers |  |  |  | for one shiny card | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent sticker=Theme for card=Co-Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The settlers bartered with local people for furs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x3:1
# text = The settlers bartered with local people for furs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	settlers	settler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	bartered	barter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	furs	fur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **barter** | participle |  | the settlers *not said here* |  |  |  | with local people; for furs | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with people=Co-Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Barter is trading without money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x4:1
# text = Barter is trading without money.
1	Barter	Barter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	trading	trade	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	without	without	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trade** | present · progressive | Barter |  |  |  |  | without money | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is hard to barter if the other person doesn't want what you have.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x5:1
# text = It is hard to barter if the other person doesn't want what you have.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	expl	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	barter	barter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
10	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	want	want	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
13	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	obj	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **barter** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **want** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · do-support | the other person |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot what=Theme |
| 4 | **have** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The traders bartered salt for gold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x6:1
# text = The traders bartered salt for gold.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	bartered	barter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **barter** | past | the traders | salt |  |  |  | for gold | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent salt=Theme for gold=Co-Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If 3 apples are worth 1 orange, you can barter 9 apples for 3 oranges.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x7:1
# text = If 3 apples are worth 1 orange, you can barter 9 apples for 3 oranges.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	worth	worth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	advcl	_	_
6	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	orange	orange	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	barter	barter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
12	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
16	oranges	orange	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | 3 apples |  |  |  |  | worth *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **barter** | can | you | 9 apples |  |  |  | for 3 oranges | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent apple=Theme for orange=Co-Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then he rode away upon the horse that was to be sold or bartered for something else.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:barter:x8:1
# text = Then he rode away upon the horse that was to be sold or bartered for something else.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	away	away	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
11	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	bartered	barter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	obl	_	_
17	else	else	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ride away** | past | he |  |  |  | then | upon the horse; away *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sell** | past · passive | he *not said here* | the horse |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **barter** | participle | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for something | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent for something=Co-Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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