---
title: beam — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «beam» in the school dictionary: A beam is a long, strong piece of wood or metal that holds up a roof or floor in a building. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# beam

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** beam, long strong piece, balance beam, narrow bar, They, roof · **What happens:** be, hold up, beam, walk, jump on, cut · **To what, where:** long strong piece, roof, building, line, narrow bar, something

<!-- .vabout -->
«beam» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [beam in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/beam.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A beam is a long, strong piece of wood or metal that holds up a roof or floor in a building.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:m1:1
# text = A beam is a long, strong piece of wood or metal that holds up a roof or floor in a building.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
15	up	up	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a beam | a long strong piece |  |  |  | of wood or metal | tree rules |
| 2 | **hold up** | present | a long strong piece | a roof or floor |  | a building |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot roof=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A beam is also a line of light, like a beam from a torch.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:m2:1
# text = A beam is also a line of light, like a beam from a torch.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a beam | a line |  |  |  | of light | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To beam is to smile very widely and happily.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:m3:1
# text = To beam is to smile very widely and happily.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	beam	beam	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	smile	smile	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	widely	widely	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	happily	happily	ADV	RB	_	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beam** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | smile, widely *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A balance beam is a narrow bar that gymnasts walk and jump on.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:m4:1
# text = A balance beam is a narrow bar that gymnasts walk and jump on.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	balance	balance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	bar	bar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	gymnasts	gymnast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	walk	walk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	jump	jump	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
13	on	on	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a balance beam | a narrow bar |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **walk** | present | a narrow bar |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **jump on** | present | a narrow bar *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To beam something is to send it, like a signal or a picture.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:m5:1
# text = To beam something is to send it, like a signal or a picture.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	beam	beam	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	send	send	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	signal	signal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beam** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | send *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beam is 6 metres long.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x1:1
# text = The beam is 6 metres long.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the beam |  |  |  |  | 6 metres *obl:unmarked*; long *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They cut the beam into 3 equal parts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x2:1
# text = They cut the beam into 3 equal parts.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cut	cut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	equal	equal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | past | They | the beam |  | 3 equal parts |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent beam=Material into part=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The roof needs 12 beams.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x3:1
# text = The roof needs 12 beams.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	beams	beam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | the roof | 12 beams |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot beam=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each beam weighs 40 kg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x4:1
# text = Each beam weighs 40 kg.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	weighs	weigh	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	kg	kg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weigh** | present | each beam | 40 kg |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme kg=Value |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A beam of light came from the lighthouse.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x5:1
# text = A beam of light came from the lighthouse.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lighthouse	lighthouse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a beam of light |  |  | the lighthouse |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from lighthouse=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **beam** |  |  | light |  |  |  |  | nom beam «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Light beams travel in straight lines.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x6:1
# text = Light beams travel in straight lines.
1	Light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	beams	beam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	travel	travel	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	straight	straight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **travel** | present | Light beams |  |  | straight lines |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in line=Trajectory |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She beamed when she got her prize.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x7:1
# text = She beamed when she got her prize.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	beamed	beam	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
4	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	prize	prize	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beam** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location |
| 2 | **get** | past | she | her prize |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer prize=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The gymnast did a cartwheel on the beam.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x8:1
# text = The gymnast did a cartwheel on the beam.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gymnast	gymnast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cartwheel	cartwheel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | the gymnast | a cartwheel |  | the beam |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cartwheel=Eventuality |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old houses have wooden beams on the ceiling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x9:1
# text = Old houses have wooden beams on the ceiling.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	beams	beam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ceiling	ceiling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Old houses | wooden beams |  | the ceiling |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beam=Patient |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her face beamed when she exclaimed this.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beam:x10:1
# text = Her face beamed when she exclaimed this.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	beamed	beam	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beam** | past | Her face |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | past | face | this |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent this=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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