---
title: beggar — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «beggar» in the school dictionary: A person who is very poor and lives by asking people for money or food. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# beggar

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, you, beggar, prince, Beggars, It · **What happens:** be, live, ask, use, beggar, make · **To what, where:** people, person, station, clothes, choosers, cold toast · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«beggar» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [beggar in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/beggar.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who is very poor and lives by asking people for money or food.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:m1:1
# text = A person who is very poor and lives by asking people for money or food.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
8	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	asking	ask	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a person |  |  |  |  | poor *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | gerund | a person *not said here* |  | people |  |  | for money or food | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent people=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, informal, old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person, used kindly or crossly, as in "lucky beggar" or "you little beggar".

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:m2:1
# text = A person, used kindly or crossly, as in "lucky beggar" or "you little beggar".
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
5	kindly	kindly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	crossly	crossly	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	lucky	lucky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  | a person *not said here* |  |  |  | as lucky beggar or little beggar; kindly *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **beggar** *in a quote* |  | you |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb, formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make very poor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:m3:1
# text = To make very poor.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | poor *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beggar sat outside the station.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x1:1
# text = The beggar sat outside the station.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	outside	outside	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	station	station	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | the beggar |  |  | the station |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent outside station=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The prince swapped clothes with a beggar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x2:1
# text = The prince swapped clothes with a beggar.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	prince	prince	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swapped	swap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swap** | past | the prince | clothes |  |  |  | with a beggar | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent clothes=Theme with beggar=Co-Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beggars can't be choosers, so I ate the cold toast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x3:1
# text = Beggars can't be choosers, so I ate the cold toast.
1	Beggars	beggar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
2	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
5	choosers	chooser	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | can |  | choosers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **eat** | past | Beggars | the cold toast |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toast=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You lucky beggar, you won again!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x4:1
# text = You lucky beggar, you won again!
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
2	lucky	lucky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	again	again	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | You |  |  |  | again |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It beggars belief that he forgot his own birthday party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x5:1
# text = It beggars belief that he forgot his own birthday party.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	beggars	beggar	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	belief	belief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	forgot	forget	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
8	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beggar** | present | It | belief |  |  |  |  | vn orphan-29.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent belief=Theme |
| 2 | **forget** | past | he | his own birthday party |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king gave a coin to the beggar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x6:1
# text = The king gave a coin to the beggar.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the king | a coin | the beggar |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent coin=Theme to beggar=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Will you play again?" asked the beggar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beggar:x7:1
# text = "Will you play again?" asked the beggar.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	play	play	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	parataxis	_	_
5	again	again	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
8	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** *in a quote* | future | you |  |  |  | again |  | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | the beggar |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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