---
title: belladonna — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «belladonna» in the school dictionary: A very poisonous plant, also called deadly nightshade, with purple flowers and shiny black berries. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# belladonna

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** poisonous plant, Belladonna berries, you, berries, poison, ladies · **What happens:** call, make, use, widen, be, not eat · **To what, where:** deadly nightshade, drug, plant, medicine, pupils, wild berries · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«belladonna» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [belladonna in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/belladonna.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A very poisonous plant, also called deadly nightshade, with purple flowers and shiny black berries.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:m1:1
# text = A very poisonous plant, also called deadly nightshade, with purple flowers and shiny black berries.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	very	very	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	also	also	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
8	deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	parataxis	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** *speech: assert* | participle | a poisonous plant *not said here* | deadly nightshade |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A drug made from this plant, used carefully in medicine (for example to widen the pupils of the eyes).

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:m2:1
# text = A drug made from this plant, used carefully in medicine (for example to widen the pupils of the eyes).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	drug	drug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
9	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	widen	widen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	acl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a drug *not said here* |  | this plant |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from plant=Material |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a drug *not said here* |  | medicine |  | carefully *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **widen** | to-infinitive |  | the pupils of the eyes |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pupil=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Belladonna berries are shiny, black and very poisonous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:x1:1
# text = Belladonna berries are shiny, black and very poisonous.
1	Belladonna	belladonna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Belladonna berries |  |  |  |  | shiny *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Belladonna berries *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | Belladonna berries *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never eat wild berries; they might be belladonna.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:x2:1
# text = Never eat wild berries; they might be belladonna.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	cop	_	_
9	belladonna	belladonna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **eat** | imperative | you *not said here* | wild berries |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | might | berries *= berry* | belladonna |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Belladonna is also called deadly nightshade.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:x3:1
# text = Belladonna is also called deadly nightshade.
1	Belladonna	Belladonna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	nightshade	nightshade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | Belladonna |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the mystery story, the poison was belladonna.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:x4:1
# text = In the mystery story, the poison was belladonna.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	mystery	mystery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	belladonna	belladonna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the poison | belladonna |  | the mystery story |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago, ladies used belladonna drops to make their pupils big.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:x5:1
# text = Long ago, ladies used belladonna drops to make their pupils big.
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	ladies	lady	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	belladonna	belladonna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	drops	drop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
10	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | ladies | belladonna drops |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drop=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | ladies *not said here* | ladies's pupils |  |  |  | big *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pupil=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Doctors make a medicine from belladonna, used in tiny doses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:belladonna:x6:1
# text = Doctors make a medicine from belladonna, used in tiny doses.
1	Doctors	doctor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	belladonna	belladonna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	doses	dose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Doctors | a medicine |  | belladonna |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset medicine=Product from belladonna=Material |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | belladonna *not said here* |  | tiny doses |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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