---
title: below — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «below» in the school dictionary: Below means lower than something or under it: «the flat below ours». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/below/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [B](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/) / below

# below

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** temperature, you, shelf, many numbers, your, Water · **What happens:** mean, see, be, write, have, answer · **To what, where:** less, writing, picture, 3 degrees, number, 8 books · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«below» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [below in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/below.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Below means lower than something or under it: «the flat below ours».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:m1:1
# text = Below means lower than something or under it: «the flat below ours».
1	Below	below	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	ccomp	_	_
4	than	than	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	flat	flat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
13	below	below	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	ours	our	PRON	PRP	Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | below *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Below means less than a number or level: «below zero», «below 10».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:m2:1
# text = Below means less than a number or level: «below zero», «below 10».
1	Below	below	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	obj	_	_
4	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	below	below	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	zero	zero	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	below	below	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | less |  |  |  | below *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In writing, «below» means later on the page: «see the picture below».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:m3:1
# text = In writing, «below» means later on the page: «see the picture below».
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	below	below	ADV	RB	_	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	7	advmod	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	see	see	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	below	below	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  | writing |  | on the page; late *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **see** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the picture |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer picture=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The temperature is 3 degrees below zero.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x1:1
# text = The temperature is 3 degrees below zero.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	degrees	degree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	below	below	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	zero	zero	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the temperature | 3 degrees |  |  |  | zero *nmod* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write a number below 20.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x2:1
# text = Write a number below 20.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	below	below	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | a number  20 |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shelf below has 8 books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x3:1
# text = The shelf below has 8 books.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	below	below	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the shelf | 8 books |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many numbers below 10 are even?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x4:1
# text = How many numbers below 10 are even?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	below	below	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	even	even	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | many numbers  10 |  |  |  |  | even *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write your answer in the box below.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x5:1
# text = Write your answer in the box below.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	below	below	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | your answer |  | the box |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent answer=Theme in box=Destination |
| 2 | **answer** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Water freezes when it is below 0 °C.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x6:1
# text = Water freezes when it is below 0 °C.
1	Water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	freezes	freeze	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
6	below	below	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	0	0	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
8	°	°	SYM	SYM	_	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	C.	c.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | present | Water |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Water | 0 ° C. |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some of the Netherlands is below sea level.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x7:1
# text = Some of the Netherlands is below sea level.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Netherlands	Netherlands	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	below	below	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Netherlands |  |  |  |  | of sea level | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fish swam below the boat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x8:1
# text = The fish swam below the boat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	below	below	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | the fish |  |  | the boat |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme below boat=Trajectory |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The remaining amendments are listed below.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:below:x9:1
# text = The remaining amendments are listed below.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	remaining	remaining	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	amendments	amendment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	listed	list	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	below	below	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **list** | present · passive |  | the remaining amendments |  |  |  | below *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [beloved](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/beloved/)
- next →: [belt](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/belt/)
- ↑ back to [B in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/)