---
title: benighted — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «benighted» in the school dictionary: caught out in the dark, when night comes before you reach home. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# benighted

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**Who acts:** night, you · **What happens:** catch out, come, reach, lack, benight, have · **To what, where:** dark, knowledge, I, forest, poor tailor

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«benighted» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 2 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [benighted in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/benighted.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old use — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
caught out in the dark, when night comes before you reach home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:benighted:m1:1
# text = caught out in the dark, when night comes before you reach home.
1	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	_
2	out	out	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	reach	reach	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
13	home	home	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch out** | participle | night *not said here* |  |  | the dark |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **come** | present | night |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **reach** | present | you |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old use — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
lacking knowledge or understanding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:benighted:m2:1
# text = lacking knowledge or understanding.
1	lacking	lack	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	understanding	understanding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lack** | gerund |  | knowledge or understanding |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I was benighted in the forest and had nowhere to sleep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:benighted:x1:1
# text = I was benighted in the forest and had nowhere to sleep.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	benighted	benight	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	nowhere	nowhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	sleep	sleep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **benight** | past · passive |  | I |  | the forest |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | past |  |  |  |  |  | nowhere *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **sleep** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poor tailor was benighted and begged for a place in the hut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:benighted:x2:1
# text = The poor tailor was benighted and begged for a place in the hut.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tailor	tailor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	benighted	benight	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	begged	beg	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hut	hut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **benight** | past · passive |  | the poor tailor |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **beg** *speech: request* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for a place in the hut | vn beg-58.2-1-1 «NP V PP.Topic»: agent=Agent for place=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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