---
title: besides — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «besides» in the school dictionary: Besides means as well as, in addition to. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# besides

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Besides, reason, we, Nobody, Tom, I · **What happens:** mean, be, start, buy, beside, come · **To what, where:** sentence, pears, tennis, answer, 4 pets, 5 pets

<!-- .vabout -->
«besides» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [besides in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/besides.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides means as well as, in addition to.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:m1:1
# text = Besides means as well as, in addition to.
1	Besides	besides	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADV	2	advmod	_	_
4	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	fixed	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | besides *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides apples, we bought pears.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:m1e:1
# text = Besides apples, we bought pears.
1	Besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	pears	pear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | we | pears |  |  |  | besides apples | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pear=Theme |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides means except, apart from, in negative sentences and questions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:m2:1
# text = Besides means except, apart from, in negative sentences and questions.
1	Besides	Besides	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	except	except	ADP	IN	_	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	apart	apart	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	negative	negative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	sentences	sentence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Besides |  |  |  |  | apart *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent except=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody besides Tom came.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:m2e:1
# text = Nobody besides Tom came.
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	nsubj	_	_
2	besides	beside	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beside** | present | Nobody |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come** | past | Tom |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adverb at the start of a sentence, besides means also, and here is another reason.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:m3:1
# text = As an adverb at the start of a sentence, besides means also, and here is another reason.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adverb	adverb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
11	besides	besides	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	12	nsubj	_	_
12	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	also	also	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	12	advmod	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
18	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	19	det	_	_
19	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | besides |  |  |  |  | as a adverb at the start of a sentence | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as adverb=Attribute |
| 2 | **is** | present | another reason |  |  |  |  | here *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **start** |  |  | a sentence |  |  |  |  | nom start «event transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides football, I also play tennis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x1:1
# text = Besides football, I also play tennis.
1	Besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	play	play	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	tennis	tennis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | present | I | tennis |  |  |  | besides football | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tennis=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Who else is coming besides your cousin?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x2:1
# text = Who else is coming besides your cousin?
1	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
2	else	else	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present · progressive |  |  |  |  |  | besides your cousin | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody besides me knew the answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x3:1
# text = Nobody besides me knew the answer.
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	nsubj	_	_
2	besides	beside	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beside** | present | Nobody |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | past | me | the answer |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer answer=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I don't want to go out; besides, it's raining.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x4:1
# text = I don't want to go out; besides, it's raining.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	want	want	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	out	out	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
9	besides	besides	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	raining	rain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **want** | present · do-support | I |  |  |  |  | besides *property* | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **go out** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | out *property* | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **rain** | present · progressive | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides being clever, she is very kind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x5:1
# text = Besides being clever, she is very kind.
1	Besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	cop	_	_
3	clever	clever	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | she *not said here* |  |  |  |  | clever *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | she |  |  |  |  | kind *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What do you like to eat besides pizza?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x6:1
# text = What do you like to eat besides pizza?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	obj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **like** | present · do-support | you |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **eat** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | besides pizza | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tom has 4 pets besides his dog, so he has 5 pets in all.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x7:1
# text = Tom has 4 pets besides his dog, so he has 5 pets in all.
1	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	pets	pet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	pets	pet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Tom | 4 pets |  |  |  | besides Tom's dog | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pet=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | present | Tom | 5 pets |  | all |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pet=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides, Kotick was a white seal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:besides:x8:1
# text = Besides, Kotick was a white seal.
1	Besides	besides	INTJ	UH	_	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	Kotick	Kotick	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	seal	seal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Kotick | a white seal |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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