---
title: beta — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «beta» in the school dictionary: Beta (β) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet, after alpha. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# beta

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Beta, beta version, users, person, β, Alphabet · **What happens:** be, test, use, come, join, have · **To what, where:** second letter, early version, Beta, names, Greek letter beta, letters alpha · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«beta» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [beta in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/beta.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beta (β) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet, after alpha.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:m1:1
# text = Beta (β) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet, after alpha.
1	Beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	β	β	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	amod	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	after	after	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	alpha	alpha	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Beta | the second letter and alpha |  |  |  | of the Greek alphabet | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A beta version of a game, app or program is an early version that is being tested by users before the final one.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:m2:1
# text = A beta version of a game, app or program is an early version that is being tested by users before the final one.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	version	version	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	app	app	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	program	program	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	version	version	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	obj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
17	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	tested	test	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl:relcl	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	users	user	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
21	before	before	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	final	final	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a beta version of a game and app or program | a early version |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **test** | present · passive | users | a early version |  |  | before the final one |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Beta is used in names, like beta rays (a kind of radiation) and beta-carotene (the orange colour in carrots).

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:m3:1
# text = Beta is used in names, like beta rays (a kind of radiation) and beta-carotene (the orange colour in carrots).
1	Beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	radiation	radiation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	carotene	carotene	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
20	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	orange	orange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	carrots	carrot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Beta |  | names and beta rays and beta carotene |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: slang — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Beta» is used online as an insult for a weak or shy person; it is unkind.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:m4:1
# text = «Beta» is used online as an insult for a weak or shy person; it is unkind.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Beta	Beta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	online	online	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	insult	insult	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
12	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	shy	shy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
15	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
19	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Beta |  |  |  | as a insult; for a weak person; online *property* | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as insult=Attribute |
| 2 | **is** | present | person |  |  |  |  | unkind *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
β is the Greek letter beta.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x1:1
# text = β is the Greek letter beta.
1	β	β	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | β | the Greek letter beta |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Alphabet» comes from the Greek letters alpha and beta.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x2:1
# text = «Alphabet» comes from the Greek letters alpha and beta.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Alphabet	Alphabet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	compound	_	_
9	alpha	alpha	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Alphabet |  |  | the letters alpha and beta |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from alpha=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My brother joined the beta test of a new game.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x3:1
# text = My brother joined the beta test of a new game.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | past | My brother | the beta test of a new game |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent test=Patient |
| 2 | **test** |  |  | a new game |  |  |  |  | nom test «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The app is still in beta, so it has some bugs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x4:1
# text = The app is still in beta, so it has some bugs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	app	app	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
11	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	det	_	_
12	bugs	bug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the app |  |  | beta | still |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | app | some bugs |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bug=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Carrots get their orange colour from beta-carotene.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x5:1
# text = Carrots get their orange colour from beta-carotene.
1	Carrots	carrot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	orange	orange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	carotene	carotene	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Carrots | Carrots's orange colour |  | beta carotene |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent colour=Theme from carotene=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the diagram, angle beta is 40 degrees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x6:1
# text = In the diagram, angle beta is 40 degrees.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	diagram	diagram	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	degrees	degree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | angle beta | 40 degrees |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(slang) Calling someone «beta» online is a mean put-down.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:beta:x7:1
# text = (slang) Calling someone «beta» online is a mean put-down.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	slang	slang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Calling	call	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	beta	beta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	online	online	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	mean	mean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	put	put	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	down	down	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | gerund | slang *not said here* |  | someone |  |  | online *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent someone=Recipient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | slang | a mean put |  |  |  | down *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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