---
title: bioluminescence — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bioluminescence» in the school dictionary: Light made by living things, such as fireflies, glow-worms, some fungi and many deep-sea animals. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bioluminescence

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Fireflies, anglerfish, We, Bioluminescence, Glow worms, mushrooms · **What happens:** make, glow, cause, flash, use, lure · **To what, where:** Light, itself, night, bioluminescence, prey, blue bioluminescence

<!-- .vabout -->
«bioluminescence» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bioluminescence in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bioluminescence.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Light made by living things, such as fireflies, glow-worms, some fungi and many deep-sea animals.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:m1:1
# text = Light made by living things, such as fireflies, glow-worms, some fungi and many deep-sea animals.
1	Light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	fireflies	firefly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	glow	glow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	worms	worm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	16	det	_	_
16	fungi	fungus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
19	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | Light *not said here* |  |  |  | by living things | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The glowing itself, for example blue sparkles in the sea at night caused by tiny plankton.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:m2:1
# text = The glowing itself, for example blue sparkles in the sea at night caused by tiny plankton.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glowing	glow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
7	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	sparkles	sparkle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
14	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	plankton	plankton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **glow** | gerund |  | itself *= it* |  |  |  | for blue sparkles  example in the sea at night | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent itself=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | participle |  | night *not said here* |  |  |  | by tiny plankton | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fireflies flash by bioluminescence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:x1:1
# text = Fireflies flash by bioluminescence.
1	Fireflies	firefly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	flash	flash	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	bioluminescence	bioluminescence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flash** | present | Fireflies |  |  |  |  | by bioluminescence | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by bioluminescence=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The anglerfish uses bioluminescence to lure prey.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:x2:1
# text = The anglerfish uses bioluminescence to lure prey.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	anglerfish	anglerfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bioluminescence	bioluminescence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	lure	lure	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | the anglerfish | bioluminescence |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bioluminescence=Patient |
| 2 | **lure** | to-infinitive | the anglerfish *not said here* | prey |  |  |  |  | vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw blue bioluminescence in the waves at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:x3:1
# text = We saw blue bioluminescence in the waves at night.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	bioluminescence	bioluminescence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | blue bioluminescence |  | the waves | night |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bioluminescence=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bioluminescence happens because of a chemical reaction.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:x4:1
# text = Bioluminescence happens because of a chemical reaction.
1	Bioluminescence	bioluminescence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	happens	happen	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	7	case	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	reaction	reaction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | present | Bioluminescence |  |  |  |  | because a chemical reaction | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glow-worms in New Zealand caves light up the ceiling with bioluminescence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:x5:1
# text = Glow-worms in New Zealand caves light up the ceiling with bioluminescence.
1	Glow	glow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	worms	worm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
6	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
8	light	light	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	up	up	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	ceiling	ceiling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	bioluminescence	bioluminescence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light up** | present | Glow worms in Zealand caves | the ceiling |  |  |  | with bioluminescence | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ceiling=Product with bioluminescence=Material |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some mushrooms glow in the dark with bioluminescence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bioluminescence:x6:1
# text = Some mushrooms glow in the dark with bioluminescence.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	mushrooms	mushroom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	glow	glow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	bioluminescence	bioluminescence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **glow** | present | some mushrooms |  |  | the dark |  | with bioluminescence | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dark=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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