---
title: bitter — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bitter» in the school dictionary: Bitter describes a strong, sharp, unpleasant taste, like black coffee, dark chocolate or the peel of a lemon. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bitter

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Bitter, Bitter weather, Bitter feelings, something, bitter fight, coffee · **What happens:** describe, be, happen, taste, blow, feel · **To what, where:** strong sharp unpleasant taste, bitter kind, UK, playground, race, bitter rivals

<!-- .vabout -->
«bitter» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bitter in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bitter.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bitter describes a strong, sharp, unpleasant taste, like black coffee, dark chocolate or the peel of a lemon.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:m1:1
# text = Bitter describes a strong, sharp, unpleasant taste, like black coffee, dark chocolate or the peel of a lemon.
1	Bitter	bitter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	peel	peel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	lemon	lemon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | present | Bitter | a strong sharp unpleasant taste |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent taste=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bitter weather or wind is extremely cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:m2:1
# text = Bitter weather or wind is extremely cold.
1	Bitter	bitter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	extremely	extremely	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Bitter weather or wind |  |  |  |  | cold, extremely *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bitter feelings are angry, hurt and resentful because something unfair happened.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:m3:1
# text = Bitter feelings are angry, hurt and resentful because something unfair happened.
1	Bitter	bitter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	feelings	feeling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	hurt	hurt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	resentful	resentful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
9	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	12	nsubj	_	_
11	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
12	happened	happen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Bitter feelings |  |  |  |  | angry *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Bitter feelings *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | Bitter feelings *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **happen** | past | something |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bitter fight or argument is very angry and hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:m4:1
# text = A bitter fight or argument is very angry and hard.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	fight	fight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a bitter fight or argument |  |  |  |  | angry *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a bitter fight or argument *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the UK, bitter is also a kind of beer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:m5:1
# text = In the UK, bitter is also a kind of beer.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	also	also	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	beer	beer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | a bitter kind |  | the UK |  | of beer | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This coffee is too bitter for me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x1:1
# text = This coffee is too bitter for me.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | this coffee |  |  |  |  | for me; bitter *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark chocolate tastes a bit bitter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x2:1
# text = Dark chocolate tastes a bit bitter.
1	Dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tastes	taste	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | present | Dark chocolate |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bitter wind blew across the playground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x3:1
# text = A bitter wind blew across the playground.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	across	across	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	playground	playground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | past | a bitter wind |  |  | the playground |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V apart»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He felt bitter about losing the race unfairly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x4:1
# text = He felt bitter about losing the race unfairly.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	losing	lose	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	unfairly	unfairly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | He |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **lose** | gerund | He *not said here* | the race |  |  |  | unfairly *property* | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two teams were bitter rivals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x5:1
# text = The two teams were bitter rivals.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	teams	team	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	rivals	rival	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the two teams | bitter rivals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some medicine tastes bitter, so mix it with juice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x6:1
# text = Some medicine tastes bitter, so mix it with juice.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tastes	taste	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	mix	mix	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	juice	juice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | present | some medicine |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **mix** | infinitive | some medicine *not said here* | medicine |  |  |  | with juice | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient with juice=Co-Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never taste berries you find; some are bitter and poisonous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x7:1
# text = Never taste berries you find; some are bitter and poisonous.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	taste	taste	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	berries	berry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	find	find	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **taste** | imperative | you *not said here* | berries |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Theme berry=Attribute |
| 2 | **find** | present | you | berries *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent berry=Topic |
| 3 | **is** | present | some |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | some *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They kept fighting to the bitter end.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitter:x8:1
# text = They kept fighting to the bitter end.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | They |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **fight** | gerund | They *not said here* |  |  |  | to the bitter end |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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