---
title: bitterness — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bitterness» in the school dictionary: A sharp, unpleasant taste, like strong coffee or dark chocolate. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/bitterness/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [B](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/) / bitterness

# bitterness

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Angry hurt feelings, bitterness, him, Dark chocolate, She, Lemons · **What happens:** think, treat, make, pull, have, speak · **To what, where:** you, him, face, little bitterness, faces, bitterness · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bitterness» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bitterness in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bitterness.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sharp, unpleasant taste, like strong coffee or dark chocolate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:m1:1
# text = A sharp, unpleasant taste, like strong coffee or dark chocolate.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Angry, hurt feelings because you think you were treated unfairly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:m2:1
# text = Angry, hurt feelings because you think you were treated unfairly.
1	Angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	hurt	hurt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	feelings	feeling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	treated	treat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	ccomp	_	_
11	unfairly	unfairly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | present | Angry hurt feelings |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **treat** | past · passive |  | you |  |  |  | unfairly *property* | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of weather — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very sharp coldness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:m3:1
# text = Very sharp coldness.
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	coldness	coldness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bitterness of the medicine made him pull a face.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x1:1
# text = The bitterness of the medicine made him pull a face.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	pull	pull	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the bitterness of the medicine | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pull** | infinitive | him *= he* *not said here* | a face |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark chocolate has a little bitterness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x2:1
# text = Dark chocolate has a little bitterness.
1	Dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Dark chocolate | a little bitterness |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bitterness=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She spoke about the lost match without bitterness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x3:1
# text = She spoke about the lost match without bitterness.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | She |  |  |  |  | about the lost match; without bitterness | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about match=Topic |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was bitterness between the two brothers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x4:1
# text = There was bitterness between the two brothers.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	brothers	brother	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | bitterness between the two brothers |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bitterness of the winter wind stung our faces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x5:1
# text = The bitterness of the winter wind stung our faces.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	stung	sting	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sting** | past | the bitterness of the winter wind | our faces |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus face=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lemons are sour; coffee has bitterness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x6:1
# text = Lemons are sour; coffee has bitterness.
1	Lemons	lemon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sour	sour	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
7	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lemons |  |  |  |  | sour *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | coffee | bitterness |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bitterness=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Inge heard all this, and her heart became hardened and full of bitterness.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitterness:x7:1
# text = Inge heard all this, and her heart became hardened and full of bitterness.
1	Inge	Inge	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
4	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	hardened	harden	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | Inge | this |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer this=Stimulus |
| 2 | **harden** | past · passive |  | Inge's heart |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [bitterly](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/bitterly/)
- next →: [bitumen](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/bitumen/)
- ↑ back to [B in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/)