---
title: bitumen — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bitumen» in the school dictionary: A black, sticky, tar-like substance made from oil, used to make road surfaces and waterproof roofs. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bitumen

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** workers, Bitumen, we, Ancient people, you · **What happens:** make, use, tar, call, spread, keep · **To what, where:** black sticky like substance, oil, road surfaces, tarred surface, hot bitumen, road · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bitumen» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bitumen in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bitumen.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A black, sticky, tar-like substance made from oil, used to make road surfaces and waterproof roofs.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:m1:1
# text = A black, sticky, tar-like substance made from oil, used to make road surfaces and waterproof roofs.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
2	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	sticky	sticky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	tar	tar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	like	like	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	substance	substance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	parataxis	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	advcl	_	_
17	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	waterproof	waterproof	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	roofs	roof	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a black sticky like substance *not said here* |  | oil |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from oil=Material |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | road surfaces and waterproof roofs |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset surface=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Australia, New Zealand — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tarred surface of a road; also called "the bitumen".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:m2:1
# text = The tarred surface of a road; also called "the bitumen".
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	tarred	tar	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	also	also	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tar** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** | participle · passive |  | the tarred surface of a road |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The workers spread hot bitumen on the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:x1:1
# text = The workers spread hot bitumen on the road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | the workers | hot bitumen |  | the road |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent bitumen=Theme on road=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bitumen keeps the roof dry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:x2:1
# text = Bitumen keeps the roof dry.
1	Bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Bitumen | the roof |  |  |  | dry *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent roof=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Australia we drove off the bitumen onto a dusty track.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:x3:1
# text = In Australia we drove off the bitumen onto a dusty track.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	off	off	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	dusty	dusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	track	track	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive off** | past | we | the bitumen |  | Australia |  | onto a dusty track | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent bitumen=Theme in australia=Destination onto track=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bitumen gets soft and sticky on very hot days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:x4:1
# text = Bitumen gets soft and sticky on very hot days.
1	Bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	sticky	sticky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Bitumen |  |  |  | day | soft *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ancient people used bitumen to seal their boats.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:x5:1
# text = Ancient people used bitumen to seal their boats.
1	Ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	seal	seal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	boats	boat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | Ancient people | bitumen |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bitumen=Patient |
| 2 | **seal** | to-infinitive | Ancient people *not said here* | people's boats |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boat=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Do not touch hot bitumen; it can burn your skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bitumen:x6:1
# text = Do not touch hot bitumen; it can burn your skin.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	touch	touch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bitumen	bitumen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	burn	burn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
10	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **touch** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | hot bitumen |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme bitumen=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **burn** | can | bitumen | your skin |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent skin=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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