---
title: black — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «black» in the school dictionary: Black is the darkest color, the color of the night sky or of coal. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# black

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Black, light, people, Black coffee, 12 black cats, She · **What happens:** be, mean, describe, come, have, not be · **To what, where:** darkest color, Africa, milk, 5 black pens, more, name · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«black» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [black in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/black.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Black is the darkest color, the color of the night sky or of coal.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:m1:1
# text = Black is the darkest color, the color of the night sky or of coal.
1	Black	Black	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	darkest	dark	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
5	color	color	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	color	color	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Black | the darkest color |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Black means with no light: «It was black outside».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:m2:1
# text = Black means with no light: «It was black outside».
1	Black	Black	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
11	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Black |  |  |  |  | with no light | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | past | light |  |  |  |  | black, outside *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Black can describe people whose families came from Africa.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:m3:1
# text = Black can describe people whose families came from Africa.
1	Black	black	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	describe	describe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can | Black |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **come** | past | people |  |  | Africa |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from africa=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Black coffee has no milk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:m4:1
# text = Black coffee has no milk.
1	Black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Black coffee | no milk |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent milk=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are 12 black cats and 8 white cats.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x1:1
# text = There are 12 black cats and 8 white cats.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
8	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | 12 black cats and 8 white cats |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has 5 black pens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x2:1
# text = She has 5 black pens.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pens	pen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | She | 5 black pens |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pen=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many socks are not black?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x3:1
# text = How many socks are not black?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	socks	sock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | many socks |  |  |  |  | black *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The black car costs more.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x4:1
# text = The black car costs more.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | the black car | more |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme more=Value |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write your name in black ink.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x5:1
# text = Write your name in black ink.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | your name |  | black ink |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in ink=Destination |
| 2 | **name** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old film is in black and white.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x6:1
# text = The old film is in black and white.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the old film |  |  |  |  | black *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the old film *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sky turned black before the storm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x7:1
# text = The sky turned black before the storm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	before	before	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | past | the sky |  |  | the storm |  | black *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme before storm=Trajectory |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A zebra has black and white stripes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x8:1
# text = A zebra has black and white stripes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	zebra	zebra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	stripes	stripe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a zebra | black stripes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stripe=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He got a black eye playing football.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x9:1
# text = He got a black eye playing football.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	playing	play	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | He | a black eye |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer eye=Stimulus |
| 2 | **play** | gerund | He *not said here* | football |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent football=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Black clothes get hot in the sun.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:black:x10:1
# text = Black clothes get hot in the sun.
1	Black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	nsubj	_	_
3	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sun.	sun.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Black clothes |  |  | the sun. |  | hot *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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