---
title: blackened — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «blackened» in the school dictionary: Blackened means made black or dark, for example by fire, smoke or dirt. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# blackened

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** outside, someone, their, fire, Blackened trees, Dad · **What happens:** blacken, mean, make, cook, turn, be · **To what, where:** Blackened food, name, bad things, past form, walls, hillside · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«blackened» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [blackened in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/blackened.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blackened means made black or dark, for example by fire, smoke or dirt.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:m1:1
# text = Blackened means made black or dark, for example by fire, smoke or dirt.
1	Blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	dirt	dirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for example; by fire and smoke or dirt; black *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: agent=Agent for example=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: cooking — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blackened food has been cooked in a very hot pan with spices so the outside turns dark.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:m2:1
# text = Blackened food has been cooked in a very hot pan with spices so the outside turns dark.
1	Blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	cooked	cook	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	pan	pan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	spices	spice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
13	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	outside	outside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
17	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **cook** | present · perfect · passive |  | Blackened food |  |  |  | in a hot pan with spices | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient in pan=Instrument |
| 3 | **turn** | present | the outside |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To blacken someone's name is to damage their reputation by saying bad things about them; blackened is its past form.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:m3:1
# text = To blacken someone's name is to damage their reputation by saying bad things about them; blackened is its past form.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	blacken	blacken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	damage	damage	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	reputation	reputation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
13	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	about	about	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
18	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	csubj:pass	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
20	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
21	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | to-infinitive |  | someone's name |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent name=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | damage *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | bad things |  |  |  | about things *= thing* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent thing=Topic |
| 4 | **blacken** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **is a** | present |  | reputation's past form |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **name** |  | someone |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
| 7 | **repute** |  | their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom reputation «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fire left the walls blackened and burnt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x1:1
# text = The fire left the walls blackened and burnt.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	burnt	burnt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the fire | the walls |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wall=Theme |
| 2 | **blacken** | participle |  | the walls *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **burnt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blackened trees stood on the hillside after the bushfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x2:1
# text = Blackened trees stood on the hillside after the bushfire.
1	Blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hillside	hillside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bushfire	bushfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **stand** | past | Blackened trees |  |  | the hillside | after the bushfire |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hillside=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chimney sweep's face was blackened with soot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x3:1
# text = The chimney sweep's face was blackened with soot.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	chimney	chimney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sweep	sweep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	soot	soot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | past · passive |  | the chimney sweep's face |  |  |  | with soot | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with soot=Instrument |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad cooked blackened chicken with spicy seasoning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x4:1
# text = Dad cooked blackened chicken with spicy seasoning.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cooked	cook	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	chicken	chicken	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	spicy	spicy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	seasoning	seasoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cook** | past | Dad | blackened chicken |  |  |  | with spicy seasoning | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent chicken=Patient with seasoning=Instrument |
| 2 | **blacken** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rotten bananas have blackened skins.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x5:1
# text = Rotten bananas have blackened skins.
1	Rotten	rotten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bananas	banana	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	skins	skin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | present · perfect · passive |  | Rotten bananas |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lies blackened the poor man's good name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x6:1
# text = Lies blackened the poor man's good name.
1	Lies	lie	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | past | Lies | the poor man's good name |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent name=Patient |
| 2 | **name** |  | the poor man |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old church walls were blackened by years of coal smoke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x7:1
# text = The old church walls were blackened by years of coal smoke.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | past · passive |  | the old church walls |  |  | year |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Slowly, very slowly, they blackened and turned to ashes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:blackened:x8:1
# text = Slowly, very slowly, they blackened and turned to ashes.
1	Slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	blackened	blacken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	ashes	ash	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blacken** | past | they |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **turn** | past | they *not said here* |  |  | ashes |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to ash=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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