---
title: bluff — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bluff» in the school dictionary: To pretend you are stronger, braver, cleverer or have better cards than you really do, to trick someone. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bluff

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, trick, He, dog, I, she · **What happens:** pretend, be, have, do, trick, say · **To what, where:** better cards, someone, bluff, dog, home, ticket · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bluff» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bluff in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bluff.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To pretend you are stronger, braver, cleverer or have better cards than you really do, to trick someone.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:m1:1
# text = To pretend you are stronger, braver, cleverer or have better cards than you really do, to trick someone.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	pretend	pretend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	advcl	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	braver	brave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	cleverer	clever	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	conj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
12	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	13	amod	_	_
13	cards	card	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	really	really	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	trick	trick	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pretend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **have** | present | you *not said here* | better cards |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Patient |
| 6 | **do** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **trick** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A trick of pretending like this: «It was just a bluff.».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:m2:1
# text = A trick of pretending like this: «It was just a bluff.».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	trick	trick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	pretending	pretend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	just	just	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bluff	bluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pretend** | gerund | a trick *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like this | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | trick | a bluff |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A steep cliff or high bank, especially by a river or the sea.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:m3:1
# text = A steep cliff or high bank, especially by a river or the sea.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Friendly and honest but rather direct and loud: «a bluff old farmer».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:m4:1
# text = Friendly and honest but rather direct and loud: «a bluff old farmer».
1	Friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	honest	honest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	rather	rather	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	direct	direct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	loud	loud	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	bluff	bluff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He said he had a dog at home, but he was bluffing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x1:1
# text = He said he had a dog at home, but he was bluffing.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	bluffing	bluff	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | past | he | a dog |  | home |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Patient |
| 3 | **bluff** | past · progressive | dog |  |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I called her bluff and she admitted she had no ticket.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x2:1
# text = I called her bluff and she admitted she had no ticket.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	called	call	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	bluff	bluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	admitted	admit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
11	ticket	ticket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | past | I | her bluff |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent bluff=Recipient |
| 2 | **admit** *speech: other* | past | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn confess-37.10 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **have** | past | she | no ticket |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ticket=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In card games you can bluff to make others give up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x3:1
# text = In card games you can bluff to make others give up.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	card	card	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	bluff	bluff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bluff** | can | you |  |  | card games |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | others |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give up** | infinitive | others *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The house stood on a bluff above the river.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x4:1
# text = The house stood on a bluff above the river.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bluff	bluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	above	above	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | the house |  |  | a bluff |  | above the river | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on bluff=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The guard believed the bluff and let them in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x5:1
# text = The guard believed the bluff and let them in.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	guard	guard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	believed	believe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bluff	bluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | past | the guard | the bluff |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **let in** | infinitive |  | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad is a bluff man who says what he thinks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x6:1
# text = Grandad is a bluff man who says what he thinks.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	bluff	bluff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	10	obj	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	thinks	think	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Grandad | a bluff man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a bluff man |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **think** *speech: other* | present | Grandad |  |  |  |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot what=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't try to bluff your way through the test; study!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x7:1
# text = Don't try to bluff your way through the test; study!
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	try	try	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	bluff	bluff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **try** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **bluff** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your way |  | the test |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Again the big red eagle appeared on the edge of the bluff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bluff:x8:1
# text = Again the big red eagle appeared on the edge of the bluff.
1	Again	again	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	eagle	eagle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	appeared	appear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	bluff	bluff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | past | the big red eagle |  |  | the edge of the bluff | again |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on edge=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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