---
title: bologna — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bologna» in the school dictionary: Bologna: a city in northern Italy, famous for its old university and its food. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bologna

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Bologna, I, deli, We, Fried bologna, That · **What happens:** smoke, slice, call, have, name, visit · **To what, where:** baloney, one, bologna sandwich, Spaghetti bolognese, bologna, delicious pasta · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bologna» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bologna in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bologna.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bologna: a city in northern Italy, famous for its old university and its food.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:m1:1
# text = Bologna: a city in northern Italy, famous for its old university and its food.
1	Bologna	bologna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	Italy	Italy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: bologna, especially US and Canada — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large smoked sausage of pork and beef, sliced thinly for sandwiches; also called «baloney» or «boloney».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:m2:1
# text = A large smoked sausage of pork and beef, sliced thinly for sandwiches; also called «baloney» or «boloney».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	smoked	smoke	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	sausage	sausage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	pork	pork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	beef	beef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	sliced	slice	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
11	thinly	thinly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	sandwiches	sandwich	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	also	also	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	baloney	baloney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	boloney	boloney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smoke** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **slice** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | for sandwiches; thinly *property* | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **call** | participle |  | baloney or boloney |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bologna has one of the oldest universities in the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x1:1
# text = Bologna has one of the oldest universities in the world.
1	Bologna	bologna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	oldest	old	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	universities	university	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Bologna | one of the oldest universities in the world |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I had a bologna sandwich for lunch. (US)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I had a bologna sandwich for lunch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x2:1
# text = I had a bologna sandwich for lunch.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	bologna	bologna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	sandwich	sandwich	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	lunch	lunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | I | a bologna sandwich |  |  |  | for lunch | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sandwich=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (US)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x2:2
# text = (US)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spaghetti bolognese is named after Bologna.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x3:1
# text = Spaghetti bolognese is named after Bologna.
1	Spaghetti	spaghetti	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	bolognese	bolognese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Bologna	Bologna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | present · passive |  | Spaghetti bolognese |  |  | after Bologna |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The deli sliced the bologna very thin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x4:1
# text = The deli sliced the bologna very thin.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	deli	deli	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sliced	slice	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bologna	bologna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slice** | past | the deli | the bologna |  |  |  | thin *property* | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bologna=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We visited Bologna and ate delicious pasta.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x5:1
# text = We visited Bologna and ate delicious pasta.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Bologna	Bologna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	delicious	delicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	pasta	pasta	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | We | Bologna |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bologna=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **eat** | past | We *not said here* | delicious pasta |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pasta=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fried bologna is a favourite in some US homes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x6:1
# text = Fried bologna is a favourite in some US homes.
1	Fried	fry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	bologna	bologna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	favourite	favourite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
8	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	homes	home	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Fried bologna | a favourite |  | some US homes |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«That's a load of baloney!» meaning nonsense. (slang)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* «That's a load of baloney!» meaning nonsense.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x7:1
# text = «That's a load of baloney!» meaning nonsense.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	load	load	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	baloney	baloney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	nonsense	nonsense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | That | a load |  |  |  | of baloney | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (slang)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bologna:x7:2
# text = (slang)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	slang	slang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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