---
title: bonfire — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bonfire» in the school dictionary: A bonfire is a large outdoor fire, made to burn rubbish or for a celebration. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bonfire

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** bonfire, large outdoor fire, We, you, Dad, sparks · **What happens:** be, make, burn, toast, keep back, watch · **To what, where:** large outdoor fire, rubbish, marshmallows, bonfire, fireworks, dry leaves

<!-- .vabout -->
«bonfire» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bonfire in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bonfire.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bonfire is a large outdoor fire, made to burn rubbish or for a celebration.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:m1:1
# text = A bonfire is a large outdoor fire, made to burn rubbish or for a celebration.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	outdoor	outdoor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	burn	burn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	celebration	celebration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a bonfire | a large outdoor fire |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a large outdoor fire *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **burn** | to-infinitive | a large outdoor fire *not said here* | rubbish or a celebration |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent rubbish=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We toasted marshmallows by the bonfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x1:1
# text = We toasted marshmallows by the bonfire.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	toasted	toast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	marshmallows	marshmallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **toast** | past | We | marshmallows |  |  |  | by the bonfire | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent marshmallow=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep back from the bonfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x2:1
# text = Keep back from the bonfire.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	back	back	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep back** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the bonfire |  |  | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer from bonfire=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On Bonfire Night we watched the fireworks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x3:1
# text = On Bonfire Night we watched the fireworks.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	Bonfire	Bonfire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fireworks	firework	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past | we | the fireworks |  |  | night |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent firework=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad lit a bonfire to burn the dry leaves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x4:1
# text = Dad lit a bonfire to burn the dry leaves.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lit	light	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	burn	burn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** | past | Dad | a bonfire |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bonfire=Product |
| 2 | **burn** | to-infinitive | Dad *not said here* | the dry leaves |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent leaf=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Check bonfires for hedgehogs before lighting them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x5:1
# text = Check bonfires for hedgehogs before lighting them.
1	Check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	bonfires	bonfire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	lighting	light	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | bonfires |  |  |  | for hedgehogs | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent bonfire=Theme for hedgehog=Attribute |
| 2 | **light** | gerund | you *not said here* | bonfires *= bonfire* |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never throw spray cans on a bonfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x6:1
# text = Never throw spray cans on a bonfire.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	throw	throw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	spray	spray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	cans	can	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **throw** | imperative | you *not said here* | spray cans |  | a bonfire |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent can=Theme on bonfire=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sang songs around the bonfire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x7:1
# text = We sang songs around the bonfire.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	songs	song	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | We | songs |  | the bonfire |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bonfire crackled and sparks flew up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x8:1
# text = The bonfire crackled and sparks flew up.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	crackled	crackle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	sparks	spark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crackle** | past | the bonfire |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **fly up** | past | sparks |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That was a fine place to make a bonfire, only the gardener was too busy just then to attend to it.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bonfire:x9:1
# text = That was a fine place to make a bonfire, only the gardener was too busy just then to attend to it.
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bonfire	bonfire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	gardener	gardener	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	too	too	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	_
17	just	just	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	16	advmod	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	attend	attend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	_
21	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | That | a fine place |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | a bonfire |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bonfire=Product |
| 3 | **is** | past | the gardener |  |  |  | then | busy *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **attend** | to-infinitive | the gardener *not said here* |  | gardener |  |  |  | vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent to it=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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