---
title: bookkeeping — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bookkeeping» in the school dictionary: The job of keeping records of money that a business or person spends and earns. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bookkeeping

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** job, business, Mum, Good bookkeeping, much money, class · **What happens:** keep, spend, earn, record, write, do · **To what, where:** records, money, careful written records, anything, bookkeeping, business · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bookkeeping» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bookkeeping in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bookkeeping.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The job of keeping records of money that a business or person spends and earns.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:m1:1
# text = The job of keeping records of money that a business or person spends and earns.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	keeping	keep	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	records	record	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	spends	spend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	earns	earn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | gerund | the job *not said here* | records of money |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent record=Theme |
| 2 | **spend** | present | a business or person | money |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Asset |
| 3 | **earn** | present | a business or person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **record** |  |  | money |  |  |  |  | nom record «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keeping careful written records of anything.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:m2:1
# text = Keeping careful written records of anything.
1	Keeping	keep	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	records	record	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | gerund |  | careful written records of anything |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent record=Theme |
| 2 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **record** |  |  | anything |  |  |  |  | nom record «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum does the bookkeeping for her bakery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:x1:1
# text = Mum does the bookkeeping for her bakery.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bookkeeping	bookkeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	bakery	bakery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present | Mum | the bookkeeping |  |  |  | for Mum's bakery | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bookkeeping=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Good bookkeeping shows how much money came in and went out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:x2:1
# text = Good bookkeeping shows how much money came in and went out.
1	Good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bookkeeping	bookkeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	in	in	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | Good bookkeeping |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come in** | past | much money |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **go out** | past | much money *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The class practised bookkeeping for the school fair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:x3:1
# text = The class practised bookkeeping for the school fair.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	practised	practise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bookkeeping	bookkeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	fair	fair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **practise** | past | the class | bookkeeping |  |  |  | for the school fair | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bookkeeping helps a business pay its taxes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:x4:1
# text = Bookkeeping helps a business pay its taxes.
1	Bookkeeping	bookkeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	taxes	tax	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Bookkeeping | a business |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent business=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **pay** | infinitive | a business *not said here* | Bookkeeping's taxes |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tax=Asset |
| 3 | **tax** |  | Bookkeeping |  |  |  |  |  | nom tax «possession transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He learned bookkeeping at college.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:x5:1
# text = He learned bookkeeping at college.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bookkeeping	bookkeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	college	college	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | He | bookkeeping |  | college |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bookkeeping=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Careful bookkeeping showed they had made a profit of 50 dollars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bookkeeping:x6:1
# text = Careful bookkeeping showed they had made a profit of 50 dollars.
1	Careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bookkeeping	bookkeeping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	profit	profit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Careful bookkeeping |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | past · perfect | they | a profit of 50 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset profit=Product |
| 3 | **profit** |  | 50 dollars |  |  |  |  |  | nom profit «possession intransitive»: of=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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