---
title: border — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «border» in the school dictionary: A border is the edge of something, like a strip around a picture or a cloth. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# border

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** border, She, flower border, We, you, page · **What happens:** be, put, have, run, cross, draw · **To what, where:** edge, line, long strip, border, poster ft, 40 tiles

<!-- .vabout -->
«border» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [border in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/border.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A border is the edge of something, like a strip around a picture or a cloth.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:m1:1
# text = A border is the edge of something, like a strip around a picture or a cloth.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	strip	strip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
12	around	around	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a border | the edge and a strip around a picture or a cloth |  |  |  | of something | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A border is the line between two countries, states or places.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:m2:1
# text = A border is the line between two countries, states or places.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	states	state	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a border | the line |  |  |  | between two countries and states or places | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A border in a garden is a long strip of flowers along an edge.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:m3:1
# text = A border in a garden is a long strip of flowers along an edge.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	strip	strip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	along	along	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a border in a garden | a long strip |  |  |  | of flowers along a edge | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To border is to be next to: «Canada borders the USA».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:m4:1
# text = To border is to be next to: «Canada borders the USA».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	next	next	ADV	RB	_	2	conj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	appos	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | next *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She puts a border around a poster 3 ft by 2 ft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x1:1
# text = She puts a border around a poster 3 ft by 2 ft.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	puts	put	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	around	around	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	poster	poster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
8	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	flat	_	_
9	ft	ft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	ft.	ft.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | present | She | a border |  | a poster ft |  | by 2 ft. | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent border=Theme around ft=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much ribbon for the border?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x2:1
# text = How much ribbon for the border?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	ribbon	ribbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The border has 40 tiles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x3:1
# text = The border has 40 tiles.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	tiles	tile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the border | 40 tiles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tile=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A flower border runs along the path.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x4:1
# text = A flower border runs along the path.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	flower	flower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	along	along	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | a flower border |  |  | the path |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along path=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We crossed the border into Canada.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x5:1
# text = We crossed the border into Canada.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | past | We | the border |  | Canada |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent border=Patient into canada=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw a border around your picture.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x6:1
# text = Draw a border around your picture.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | a border |  | your picture |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent border=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mexico borders the United States.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x7:1
# text = Mexico borders the United States.
1	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	United	United	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	States	State	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The page has a gold border.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x8:1
# text = The page has a gold border.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the page | a gold border |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent border=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ireland has a border with Northern Ireland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x9:1
# text = Ireland has a border with Northern Ireland.
1	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	Northern	Northern	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	flat	_	_
7	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Ireland | a border |  |  |  | with Northern Ireland | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent border=Patient |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Passports are checked at the border.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x10:1
# text = Passports are checked at the border.
1	Passports	passport	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	checked	check	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | present · passive |  | Passports |  | the border |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The elder brother rode straight on till he reached the borders of a strange kingdom.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:border:x11:1
# text = The elder brother rode straight on till he reached the borders of a strange kingdom.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	elder	elder	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	on	on	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
7	till	till	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	strange	strange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	kingdom	kingdom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ride** | past | the elder brother |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **reach** | past | brother | the borders of a strange kingdom |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent border=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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