---
title: borrow — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «borrow» in the school dictionary: To borrow is to take or use something that you will give back later. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# borrow

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** regroup, She, He, you, I, Return · **What happens:** borrow, be, use, give back, pay back, make · **To what, where:** something, money, subtraction, tens, 10 ones, 3 books

<!-- .vabout -->
«borrow» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [borrow in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/borrow.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To borrow is to take or use something that you will give back later.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:m1:1
# text = To borrow is to take or use something that you will give back later.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	borrow	borrow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	back	back	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | take *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **use** | infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 4 | **give back** | future |  |  |  |  |  | late *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To borrow money is to get it from a person or a bank and pay it back later.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:m2:1
# text = To borrow money is to get it from a person or a bank and pay it back later.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	borrow	borrow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	back	back	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
18	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | to-infinitive |  | money |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | from a person or a bank; get *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **pay back** | infinitive |  | money |  |  |  | late *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Asset |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In subtraction, to borrow (regroup) is to take 1 ten from the tens to make 10 ones.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:m3:1
# text = In subtraction, to borrow (regroup) is to take 1 ten from the tens to make 10 ones.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	subtraction	subtraction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	borrow	borrow	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	regroup	regroup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
12	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	compound	_	_
13	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	obj	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	tens	ten	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
19	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	nummod	_	_
20	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | subtraction |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | regroup |  |  | the tens |  | take *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive | regroup *not said here* | 10 ones |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset one=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She borrows 3 books from the library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x1:1
# text = She borrows 3 books from the library.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	borrows	borrow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | present | She | 3 books |  | the library |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent book=Theme from library=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He borrowed 10 dollars from his sister.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x2:1
# text = He borrowed 10 dollars from his sister.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | past | He | 10 dollars |  |  |  | from his sister | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent dollar=Theme from sister=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many books are left after 25 are borrowed?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x3:1
# text = How many books are left after 25 are borrowed?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	25	25	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · passive |  | many books |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **borrow** | present · passive |  | 25 |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In 52 − 18 you borrow from the tens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x4:1
# text = In 52 − 18 you borrow from the tens.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	52	52	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	_
3	−	−	SYM	SYM	_	4	case	_	_
4	18	18	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	borrow	borrow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	tens	ten	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | present | you |  |  | 52 − 18 |  | from the tens | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from ten=Source |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can I borrow your pencil?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x5:1
# text = Can I borrow your pencil?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	borrow	borrow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | can | I | your pencil |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pencil=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You can borrow books for two weeks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x6:1
# text = You can borrow books for two weeks.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	borrow	borrow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	weeks	week	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | can | You | books |  |  | week |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The word «pizza» is borrowed from Italian.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x7:1
# text = The word «pizza» is borrowed from Italian.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Italian	Italian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | present · passive |  | the word |  | Italian |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from italian=Source |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ask before you borrow something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x8:1
# text = Ask before you borrow something.
1	Ask	ask	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	borrow	borrow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **borrow** | present | you | something |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She borrowed her mom's umbrella.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x9:1
# text = She borrowed her mom's umbrella.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	mom	mom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | past | She | her mom's umbrella |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent umbrella=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Return borrowed things in good shape.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:borrow:x10:1
# text = Return borrowed things in good shape.
1	Return	return	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | past | Return | things |  | good shape |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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