---
title: botany — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «botany» in the school dictionary: The scientific study of plants: how they grow, what they are made of, how they are named and where they live. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# botany

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** plants, Botany, We, botanist, botanic garden, aunt · **What happens:** grow, make, name, live, study, be · **To what, where:** scientific study, plants, study, botany lesson, seeds, rainforest

<!-- .vabout -->
«botany» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [botany in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/botany.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scientific study of plants: how they grow, what they are made of, how they are named and where they live.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:m1:1
# text = The scientific study of plants: how they grow, what they are made of, how they are named and where they live.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	scientific	scientific	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl:relcl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	parataxis	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	24	advmod	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | plants *= plant* | the scientific study of plants |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive |  | plants *= plant* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **name** | present · passive |  | plants *= plant* |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 4 | **live** | present | plants *= plant* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **study** |  |  | plants |  |  |  |  | nom study «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Botany is the study of plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x1:1
# text = Botany is the study of plants.
1	Botany	botany	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Botany | the study |  |  |  | of plants | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned about roots and leaves in our botany lesson.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x2:1
# text = We learned about roots and leaves in our botany lesson.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	botany	botany	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  | our botany lesson |  | about roots and leaves | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about root=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A botanist collected seeds from the rainforest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x3:1
# text = A botanist collected seeds from the rainforest.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	botanist	botanist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	collected	collect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rainforest	rainforest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | past | a botanist | seeds |  | the rainforest |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent seed=Theme from rainforest=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Botany Bay in Sydney was named for its many new plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x4:1
# text = Botany Bay in Sydney was named for its many new plants.
1	Botany	Botany	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Bay	Bay	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Sydney	Sydney	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | past · passive |  | Botany Bay in Sydney |  |  |  | for its many new plants | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The botanic garden has a giant water lily.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x5:1
# text = The botanic garden has a giant water lily.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	botanic	botanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	lily	lily	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the botanic garden | a giant water lily |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lily=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My aunt is a botanist who studies mosses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x6:1
# text = My aunt is a botanist who studies mosses.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	aunt	aunt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	botanist	botanist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	mosses	moss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My aunt | a botanist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **study** | present | a botanist | mosses |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent moss=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And now the professor of botany presented himself, one who could explain his knowledge in black and white.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:botany:x7:1
# text = And now the professor of botany presented himself, one who could explain his knowledge in black and white.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	professor	professor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	botany	botany	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	presented	present	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nsubj	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
12	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	explain	explain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
14	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **present** | past | the professor of botany | professor |  |  | now |  | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Theme |
| 2 | **explain** *speech: assert* | could | one | professor's knowledge |  | black |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent knowledge=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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