---
title: bough — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bough» in the school dictionary: A bough is a large, main branch of a tree. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bough

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** bough, It, people, children, cradle, Snow · **What happens:** be, say, sit, break, fall, weigh down · **To what, where:** large main branch, fashioned word, branch, shade, boughs, halls · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«bough» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bough in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bough.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bough is a large, main branch of a tree.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:m1:1
# text = A bough is a large, main branch of a tree.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bough	bough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a bough | a large main branch |  |  |  | of a tree | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a slightly old-fashioned or poetic word; in everyday talk people usually say «branch».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:m2:1
# text = It is a slightly old-fashioned or poetic word; in everyday talk people usually say «branch».
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
4	slightly	slightly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	poetic	poetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	_
10	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	everyday	everyday	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	talk	talk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
15	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
16	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a fashioned word |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | people | branch |  |  |  | usually *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent branch=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The children sat in the shade under the boughs of the oak.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x1:1
# text = The children sat in the shade under the boughs of the oak.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	shade	shade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	boughs	bough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	oak	oak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | the children |  |  | the shade |  | under the boughs of the oak | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in shade=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x2:1
# text = When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	bough	bough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cradle	cradle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | present | the bough |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **fall** | future | the cradle |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Snow weighed down the boughs of the pine trees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x3:1
# text = Snow weighed down the boughs of the pine trees.
1	Snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	weighed	weigh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	boughs	bough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	pine	pine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weigh down** | past | Snow | the boughs of the pine trees |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme bough=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Deck the halls with boughs of holly» is a Christmas carol.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x4:1
# text = «Deck the halls with boughs of holly» is a Christmas carol.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Deck	deck	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	csubj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	halls	hall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	boughs	bough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	holly	holly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	carol	carol	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deck** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the halls |  |  |  | with boughs of holly | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent hall=Destination with bough=Theme |
| 2 | **be** *speech: other* | present |  | a Christmas carol |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A heavy bough fell in the storm and blocked the lane.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x5:1
# text = A heavy bough fell in the storm and blocked the lane.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bough	bough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	blocked	block	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lane	lane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | a heavy bough |  |  | the storm |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in storm=Location |
| 2 | **block** | past | a heavy bough *not said here* | the lane |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer lane=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Birds built a nest on the highest bough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x6:1
# text = Birds built a nest on the highest bough.
1	Birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	nest	nest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	8	amod	_	_
8	bough	bough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | Birds | a nest |  | the highest bough |  |  | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent nest=Theme on bough=Source |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rotten twigs and dry boughs are they all.”

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bough:x7:1
# text = Rotten twigs and dry boughs are they all.”
1	Rotten	rotten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	twigs	twig	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	boughs	bough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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