---
title: breakage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «breakage» in the school dictionary: A breakage is something that has been broken, especially by accident. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# breakage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** breakage, accident, shop, you, We, three breakages · **What happens:** be, break, do, charge, pack, stop · **To what, where:** something, act, damage, plates, breakage, breakages

<!-- .vabout -->
«breakage» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [breakage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/breakage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A breakage is something that has been broken, especially by accident.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:m1:1
# text = A breakage is something that has been broken, especially by accident.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	breakage	breakage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a breakage | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **break** | present · perfect · passive | accident |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"the shop charges for breakages".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:m1e:1
# text = "the shop charges for breakages".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	charges	charge	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	breakages	breakage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **charge** *in a quote* | present | the shop |  |  |  |  | for breakages | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Breakage is the act of breaking or the damage done.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:m2:1
# text = Breakage is the act of breaking or the damage done.
1	Breakage	breakage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	breaking	breaking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Breakage | the act or the damage |  |  |  | of breaking | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | participle |  | the damage *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"pack the plates carefully to stop breakage".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:m2e:1
# text = "pack the plates carefully to stop breakage".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	pack	pack	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	breakage	breakage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pack** *in a quote* | imperative | you *not said here* | the plates |  |  |  | carefully *property* | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent plate=Theme |
| 2 | **stop** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | breakage |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality breakage=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All breakages must be paid for.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:x1:1
# text = All breakages must be paid for.
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	breakages	breakage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | must · passive |  | all breakages |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We wrapped the cups in newspaper to stop breakage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:x2:1
# text = We wrapped the cups in newspaper to stop breakage.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrapped	wrap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cups	cup	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	newspaper	newspaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
9	breakage	breakage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wrap** | past | We | the cups |  | newspaper |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent cup=Theme in newspaper=Destination |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | breakage |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality breakage=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were three breakages when we moved house.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:x3:1
# text = There were three breakages when we moved house.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	breakages	breakage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | three breakages |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **move** | past | we | house |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent house=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Out of 50 glasses, 4 were breakages, so 46 were left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:x4:1
# text = Out of 50 glasses, 4 were breakages, so 46 were left.
1	Out	out	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	glasses	glass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	breakages	breakage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	46	46	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | 4 breakages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave** | past · passive |  | 46 |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The delivery arrived with no breakages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:x5:1
# text = The delivery arrived with no breakages.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	delivery	delivery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
6	breakages	breakage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | past | the delivery |  |  |  |  | with no breakages | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shop puts breakages in a special box.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:breakage:x6:1
# text = The shop puts breakages in a special box.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	puts	put	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	breakages	breakage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | present | the shop | breakages |  | a special box |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent breakage=Theme in box=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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