---
title: bruise — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bruise» in the school dictionary: A purple, blue or dark mark on the skin caused by a bump or knock that breaks tiny blood vessels underneath without breaking the skin. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bruise

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** knock, I, bruise, you, bananas, apple · **What happens:** cause, break, get, give, bruise, fall off · **To what, where:** skin, tiny blood vessels, bruise, arm, big bruise, leg

<!-- .vabout -->
«bruise» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bruise in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bruise.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A purple, blue or dark mark on the skin caused by a bump or knock that breaks tiny blood vessels underneath without breaking the skin.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:m1:1
# text = A purple, blue or dark mark on the skin caused by a bump or knock that breaks tiny blood vessels underneath without breaking the skin.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
7	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	bump	bump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	knock	knock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
19	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
20	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	vessels	vessel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
22	underneath	underneath	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
23	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
24	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	advcl	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | the skin *not said here* |  |  |  | by a bump or knock | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **break** | present | knock | tiny blood vessels |  |  |  | underneath *property* | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer vessel=Patient |
| 3 | **break** | gerund | knock *not said here* | the skin |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer skin=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A soft, brown, damaged spot on fruit, like a bruise on an apple.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:m2:1
# text = A soft, brown, damaged spot on fruit, like a bruise on an apple.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	damaged	damaged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	spot	spot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
14	on	on	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As a verb, to get or give a bruise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:m3:1
# text = As a verb, to get or give a bruise.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | as a verb | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer as verb=Attribute |
| 2 | **give** | infinitive |  | a bruise |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bruise=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I bruised my arm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:m3e:1
# text = I bruised my arm.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bruised	bruise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bruise** | past | I | my arm |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I got a big bruise on my leg when I fell off my bike.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x1:1
# text = I got a big bruise on my leg when I fell off my bike.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
12	off	off	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
13	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | I | a big bruise |  | my leg |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent bruise=Theme on leg=Source |
| 2 | **fall off** | past | I | my bike |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bruise turned green and yellow as it healed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x2:1
# text = The bruise turned green and yellow as it healed.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	healed	heal	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | past | the bruise |  |  |  |  | green *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **heal** | past | bruise |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put a cold pack on the bruise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x3:1
# text = Put a cold pack on the bruise.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	pack	pack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | a cold pack |  | the bruise |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent pack=Theme on bruise=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't drop the bananas or they'll bruise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x4:1
# text = Don't drop the bananas or they'll bruise.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	drop	drop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bananas	banana	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'll	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	bruise	bruise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **drop** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | the bananas |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent banana=Theme |
| 2 | **bruise** | future | bananas *= banana* |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My shin is bruised from football.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x5:1
# text = My shin is bruised from football.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	shin	shin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	bruised	bruise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bruise** | present · passive |  | My shin |  | football |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This apple has a brown bruise on one side.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x6:1
# text = This apple has a brown bruise on one side.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | this apple | a brown bruise |  | one side |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bruise=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bruises usually fade in a week or two.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x7:1
# text = Bruises usually fade in a week or two.
1	Bruises	bruise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	fade	fade	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fade** | present | Bruises |  |  |  | week | usually *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her feelings were bruised when nobody picked her.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x8:1
# text = Her feelings were bruised when nobody picked her.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	feelings	feeling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	bruised	bruise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	7	nsubj	_	_
7	picked	pick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bruise** | past · passive |  | Her feelings |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **pick** | past | nobody | her *= she* |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“The doctor has ordered it because I have bruised my foot.”

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bruise:x9:1
# text = “The doctor has ordered it because I have bruised my foot.”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	ordered	order	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	bruised	bruise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	_
11	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **order** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | the doctor | it |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary it=Theme |
| 2 | **bruise** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | I |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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