---
title: brushwork — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «brushwork» in the school dictionary: The way a painter uses a paintbrush, and the marks the brush leaves on a painting. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# brushwork

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** way, marks, brushwork, teacher, You, Monet · **What happens:** use, leave, be, praise, see, paint · **To what, where:** paintbrush, painting, careful brushwork, brushwork, quick loose brushwork, water

<!-- .vabout -->
«brushwork» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [brushwork in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/brushwork.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The way a painter uses a paintbrush, and the marks the brush leaves on a painting.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:m1:1
# text = The way a painter uses a paintbrush, and the marks the brush leaves on a painting.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	painter	painter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	paintbrush	paintbrush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	brush	brush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	leaves	leave	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | the way | a paintbrush |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paintbrush=Patient |
| 2 | **leave** | present | the marks |  |  | a painting |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent on painting=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Van Gogh's brushwork is thick and swirly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:x1:1
# text = Van Gogh's brushwork is thick and swirly.
1	Van	Van	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	Gogh	Gogh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
4	brushwork	brushwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	swirly	swirly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Van's brushwork |  |  |  |  | thick *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Van's brushwork *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher praised my careful brushwork.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:x2:1
# text = Our teacher praised my careful brushwork.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	praised	praise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	brushwork	brushwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **praise** | past | Our teacher | my careful brushwork |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent brushwork=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You can see the brushwork up close on the canvas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:x3:1
# text = You can see the brushwork up close on the canvas.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	brushwork	brushwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	up	up	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	close	close	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	canvas	canvas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | can | You | the brushwork |  |  |  | close *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer brushwork=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Monet used quick, loose brushwork to paint water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:x4:1
# text = Monet used quick, loose brushwork to paint water.
1	Monet	Monet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	quick	quick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	loose	loose	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	brushwork	brushwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	paint	paint	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | Monet | quick loose brushwork |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent brushwork=Patient |
| 2 | **paint** | to-infinitive | Monet *not said here* | water |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent water=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chinese brushwork uses ink and a soft brush.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:x5:1
# text = Chinese brushwork uses ink and a soft brush.
1	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	brushwork	brushwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	brush	brush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Chinese brushwork | ink and a soft brush |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ink=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The brushwork made the sky look windy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:brushwork:x6:1
# text = The brushwork made the sky look windy.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	brushwork	brushwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
7	windy	windy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the brushwork | the sky |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | infinitive | the sky *not said here* |  |  |  |  | windy *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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