---
title: buff — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «buff» in the school dictionary: A buff is a person who knows and loves a lot about one subject: «a film buff», «a history buff». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# buff

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** buff, person, cloth, uncle, Dad, shoes · **What happens:** be, know, love, buff, rub, shine · **To what, where:** person, lot, pale brown colour, something, strong big muscles, buff · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«buff» in the school dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [buff in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/buff.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A buff is a person who knows and loves a lot about one subject: «a film buff», «a history buff».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m1:1
# text = A buff is a person who knows and loves a lot about one subject: «a film buff», «a history buff».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	knows	know	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	loves	love	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	about	about	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a buff | a person and a history buff |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | present | a person and a history buff |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **love** | present | a person and a history buff *not said here* | a lot |  |  |  | about one subject | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer lot=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buff is a pale yellow-brown colour, like light leather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m2:1
# text = Buff is a pale yellow-brown colour, like light leather.
1	Buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
4	pale	pale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
5	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	leather	leather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Buff | a pale brown colour and light leather |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To buff something is to polish it by rubbing with a soft cloth until it shines.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m3:1
# text = To buff something is to polish it by rubbing with a soft cloth until it shines.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	buff	buff	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	polish	polish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	shines	shine	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buff** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | polish *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **rub** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | with a soft cloth | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent with cloth=Theme |
| 4 | **shine** | present | cloth |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: slang — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buff means having strong, big muscles: «He's really buff».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m4:1
# text = Buff means having strong, big muscles: «He's really buff».
1	Buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	really	really	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Buff |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund | Buff *not said here* | strong big muscles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | Buff | buff |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK slang — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buff can mean good-looking.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m5:1
# text = Buff can mean good-looking.
1	Buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	looking	look	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Buff |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the buff means with no clothes on.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m6:1
# text = In the buff means with no clothes on.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	7	det	_	_
7	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obl	_	_
8	on	on	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the buff |  |  |  |  | with no clothes | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In games, a buff makes a character stronger; to buff is to make stronger.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m7:1
# text = In games, a buff makes a character stronger; to buff is to make stronger.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
16	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a buff | a character |  | games |  | strong *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset character=Product |
| 2 | **is** | present | buff |  |  |  |  | make, strong *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blindman's buff is a party game in which one player is blindfolded and tries to catch the others.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:m8:1
# text = Blindman's buff is a party game in which one player is blindfolded and tries to catch the others.
1	Blindman	Blindman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	blindfolded	blindfold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	tries	try	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Blindman's buff | a party game |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **blindfold** | present · passive |  | one player |  | a party game |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination |
| 3 | **try** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **catch** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | the others |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent other=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle is a real train buff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x1:1
# text = My uncle is a real train buff.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My uncle | a real train buff |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad buffed his shoes until they shone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x2:1
# text = Dad buffed his shoes until they shone.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	buffed	buff	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	shone	shine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buff** | past | Dad | Dad's shoes |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shoe=Theme |
| 2 | **shine** | past | shoes *= shoe* |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The envelope was a pale buff colour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x3:1
# text = The envelope was a pale buff colour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	envelope	envelope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	pale	pale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the envelope | a pale buff colour |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After months at the gym, he got really buff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x4:1
# text = After months at the gym, he got really buff.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	months	month	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	gym	gym	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	really	really	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | he | buff |  |  | month |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer buff=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The babies ran around the garden in the buff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x5:1
# text = The babies ran around the garden in the buff.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past | the babies |  |  | the garden |  | in the buff | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around garden=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new update buffed my favourite character.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x6:1
# text = The new update buffed my favourite character.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	update	update	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	buffed	buff	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	favourite	favourite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buff** | participle | the new update *not said here* | my favourite character |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent character=Source |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She's a history buff who knows every king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x7:1
# text = She's a history buff who knows every king.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	knows	know	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | She | a history buff |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | present | a history buff | every king |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer king=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some played at blindman’s buff, others at tag.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buff:x8:1
# text = Some played at blindman’s buff, others at tag.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	played	play	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	blindman	blindman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	’s	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	buff	buff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	tag	tag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | participle · passive |  | Some |  | blindman's buff and others at tag |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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