---
title: buffer — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «buffer» in the school dictionary: Something that protects one thing from another or softens a hit or shock. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# buffer

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** railway track, area, solution, video, train, Trees · **What happens:** protect, soften, store, buffer, be, load · **To what, where:** one thing, hit, crash, data, acidity, buffers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«buffer» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [buffer in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/buffer.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something that protects one thing from another or softens a hit or shock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:m1:1
# text = Something that protects one thing from another or softens a hit or shock.
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	softens	soften	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	hit	hit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	shock	shock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present |  | one thing |  |  |  | from another | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent thing=Beneficiary from another=Theme |
| 2 | **soften** | present |  | a hit or shock |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent hit=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Springs or pads on the end of a train or at the end of a railway track that soften a crash.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:m2:1
# text = Springs or pads on the end of a train or at the end of a railway track that soften a crash.
1	Springs	spring	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	pads	pad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	track	track	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
18	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
19	soften	soften	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	acl:relcl	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	crash	crash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **soften** | present | a railway track | a crash |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent crash=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: computing — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An area of memory where data is stored for a short time; «buffering» is when a video waits to load.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:m3:1
# text = An area of memory where data is stored for a short time; «buffering» is when a video waits to load.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	memory	memory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	8	advmod	_	_
6	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	stored	store	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	buffering	buffer	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
18	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	21	mark	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	waits	wait	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	load	load	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **store** | present · passive |  | data |  |  | time |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **buffer** *in a quote* | gerund | a area of memory *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | a area of memory |  |  |  |  | wait *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **load** | to-infinitive | a area of memory *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A solution that keeps acidity (pH) from changing much.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:m4:1
# text = A solution that keeps acidity (pH) from changing much.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	solution	solution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	acidity	acidity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	pH	ph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	_
9	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	changing	change	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
11	much	much	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | a solution | acidity |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent acidity=Theme |
| 2 | **change** | gerund | a solution *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An old-fashioned man, often silly: «an old buffer».

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:m5:1
# text = An old-fashioned man, often silly: «an old buffer».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	often	often	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	silly	silly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	buffer	buffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The video keeps buffering.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:x1:1
# text = The video keeps buffering.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	buffering	buffer	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | the video |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **buffer** | gerund | the video *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The train hit the buffers at the end of the line.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:x2:1
# text = The train hit the buffers at the end of the line.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hit	hit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	buffers	buffer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hit** | past | the train | the buffers |  |  | at the end of the line |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent buffer=Theme at end=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Trees act as a buffer against wind and noise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:x3:1
# text = Trees act as a buffer against wind and noise.
1	Trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	act	act	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	buffer	buffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present | Trees |  |  |  |  | as a buffer against wind and noise | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as buffer=Attribute |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The UN keeps a buffer zone between the two armies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:x4:1
# text = The UN keeps a buffer zone between the two armies.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	UN	UN	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	buffer	buffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	zone	zone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	between	between	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	armies	army	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | the UN | a buffer zone |  | the two armies |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent zone=Theme between army=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Savings are a buffer against hard times.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:x5:1
# text = Savings are a buffer against hard times.
1	Savings	savings	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	buffer	buffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Savings | a buffer |  |  | time |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old buffer next door tells long stories.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buffer:x6:1
# text = The old buffer next door tells long stories.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	buffer	buffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the old buffer  next door | long stories |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent story=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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