---
title: bulldog — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bulldog» in the school dictionary: A bulldog is a breed of strong dog with a short, flat face, a big head, short legs and loose wrinkly skin. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bulldog

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** bulldog, person, bulldog clip, strong metal clip, Bulldogs, you · **What happens:** be, not let, go, hold, snore, find · **To what, where:** breed, person, strong metal clip, papers, it, hot weather

<!-- .vabout -->
«bulldog» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bulldog in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bulldog.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bulldog is a breed of strong dog with a short, flat face, a big head, short legs and loose wrinkly skin.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:m1:1
# text = A bulldog is a breed of strong dog with a short, flat face, a big head, short legs and loose wrinkly skin.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	breed	breed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
11	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	loose	loose	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
24	wrinkly	wrinkly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a bulldog | a breed |  |  |  | of strong dog with a short flat face and a big head and short legs and loose wrinkly skin | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bulldog is a person who is very stubborn and brave and never lets go of a task.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:m2:1
# text = A bulldog is a person who is very stubborn and brave and never lets go of a task.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	stubborn	stubborn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	lets	let	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
15	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	task	task	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a bulldog | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | a person |  |  |  |  | stubborn *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **let** | present | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **go** | infinitive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of a task | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme of task=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bulldog clip is a strong metal clip for holding papers together.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:m3:1
# text = A bulldog clip is a strong metal clip for holding papers together.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	clip	clip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	clip	clip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
11	papers	paper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	together	together	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a bulldog clip | a strong metal clip |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hold** | gerund | a strong metal clip *not said here* | papers |  |  |  | together *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paper=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our neighbour's bulldog snores very loudly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x1:1
# text = Our neighbour's bulldog snores very loudly.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	neighbour	neighbour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	snores	snore	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	loudly	loudly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **snore** | present | Our neighbour's bulldog |  |  |  |  | loudly *property* | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bulldogs can find it hard to breathe in hot weather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x2:1
# text = Bulldogs can find it hard to breathe in hot weather.
1	Bulldogs	bulldog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | can | Bulldogs | it |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic |
| 2 | **breathe** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | hot weather |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use a bulldog clip to keep your worksheets together.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x3:1
# text = Use a bulldog clip to keep your worksheets together.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	clip	clip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	worksheets	worksheet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	together	together	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | a bulldog clip |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clip=Patient |
| 2 | **keep** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your worksheets |  |  |  | together *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent worksheet=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The team mascot is a bulldog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x4:1
# text = The team mascot is a bulldog.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	mascot	mascot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the team mascot | a bulldog |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She tackled the problem like a bulldog and never gave up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x5:1
# text = She tackled the problem like a bulldog and never gave up.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tackled	tackle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	problem	problem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tackle** | past | She | the problem |  |  |  | like a bulldog | vn confront-98 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent problem=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **give up** | past | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We played British Bulldog until someone fell over.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x6:1
# text = We played British Bulldog until someone fell over.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	played	play	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	Bulldog	Bulldog	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
7	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	over	over	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | past | We | British Bulldog |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bulldog=Theme |
| 2 | **fall over** | past | someone |  |  |  |  | over *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A French bulldog has big, bat-like ears.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulldog:x7:1
# text = A French bulldog has big, bat-like ears.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bulldog	bulldog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	like	like	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a French bulldog | big like ears |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ear=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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