---
title: bulwark — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bulwark» in the school dictionary: A wall or strong defence against attack. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bulwark

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**Who acts:** Trojans, Hector, waves, rocky cliff · **What happens:** raise, lose, die, crash, be · **To what, where:** great bulwark, castle bulwarks, bulwark

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«bulwark» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bulwark in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bulwark.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A wall or strong defence against attack.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulwark:m1:1
# text = A wall or strong defence against attack.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	defence	defence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The raised side of a ship above the deck.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulwark:m2:1
# text = The raised side of a ship above the deck.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	raised	raise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ship	ship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	above	above	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	deck	deck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **raise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After Hector's death, the Trojans lost their great bulwark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulwark:x1:1
# text = After Hector's death, the Trojans lost their great bulwark.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	Hector	Hector	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Trojans	Trojan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	bulwark	bulwark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past | the Trojans | Trojans's great bulwark |  |  | after Hector's death |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bulwark=Eventuality |
| 2 | **die** |  | Hector |  |  |  |  |  | nom death «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The waves crashed against the castle bulwarks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulwark:x2:1
# text = The waves crashed against the castle bulwarks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	crashed	crash	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	bulwarks	bulwark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crash** | past | the waves |  |  | the castle bulwarks |  |  | vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme against bulwark=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rocky cliff was a bulwark against the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bulwark:x3:1
# text = The rocky cliff was a bulwark against the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bulwark	bulwark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the rocky cliff | a bulwark |  |  |  | against the sea | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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