---
title: buttermilk — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «buttermilk» in the school dictionary: The slightly sour liquid left after butter has been made from cream. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# buttermilk

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Milk, We, Buttermilk, acid, dough, butter · **What happens:** leave, make, sell, use, taste, rise · **To what, where:** sour liquid, cream, purpose, shops, baking, buttermilk pancakes

<!-- .vabout -->
«buttermilk» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [buttermilk in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/buttermilk.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The slightly sour liquid left after butter has been made from cream.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:m1:1
# text = The slightly sour liquid left after butter has been made from cream.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	slightly	slightly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	sour	sour	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	butter	butter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | participle |  | the sour liquid *not said here* |  |  | after butter |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present · perfect · passive |  | the sour liquid |  | cream |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from cream=Material |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Milk made sour and thick on purpose, sold in shops and used in baking.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:m2:1
# text = Milk made sour and thick on purpose, sold in shops and used in baking.
1	Milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sour	sour	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	shops	shop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	baking	baking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Milk |  |  | purpose |  | sour *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material |
| 2 | **sell** | participle |  |  |  | shops |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  |  |  | baking |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made buttermilk pancakes for breakfast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x1:1
# text = We made buttermilk pancakes for breakfast.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	pancakes	pancake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | We | buttermilk pancakes |  |  |  | for breakfast | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent pancake=Material for breakfast=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Irish soda bread is made with buttermilk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x2:1
# text = Irish soda bread is made with buttermilk.
1	Irish	Irish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	soda	soda	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Irish soda bread |  |  |  | with buttermilk | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buttermilk tastes a bit sour, like yoghurt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x3:1
# text = Buttermilk tastes a bit sour, like yoghurt.
1	Buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tastes	taste	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	sour	sour	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	yoghurt	yoghurt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **taste** | present | Buttermilk |  |  |  |  | sour *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The acid in buttermilk makes the dough rise with baking soda.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x4:1
# text = The acid in buttermilk makes the dough rise with baking soda.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	acid	acid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	dough	dough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	baking	baking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	soda	soda	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the acid in buttermilk |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rise** | infinitive | the dough |  |  |  |  | with baking soda | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Southern fried chicken is often soaked in buttermilk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x5:1
# text = Southern fried chicken is often soaked in buttermilk.
1	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	fried	fry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	chicken	chicken	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	soaked	soak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **soak** | present · passive |  | Southern fried chicken |  |  |  | in buttermilk; often *property* | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in buttermilk=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is no butter in buttermilk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x6:1
# text = There is no butter in buttermilk.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	butter	butter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | no butter in buttermilk |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Besides that, they had bread, butter, fish, a beer cask, and a buttermilk jar; what more did they require?

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:buttermilk:x7:1
# text = Besides that, they had bread, butter, fish, a beer cask, and a buttermilk jar; what more did they require?
1	Besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	butter	butter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	beer	beer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	cask	cask	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	buttermilk	buttermilk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	jar	jar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
21	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	25	obj	_	_
22	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	25	advmod	_	_
23	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	require	require	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | they | bread and butter and fish and a beer cask and a buttermilk jar |  |  |  | besides that | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bread=Patient |
| 2 | **require** | past · do-support | bread |  |  |  |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme what=Precondition |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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