---
title: by — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «by» in the school dictionary: By shows who does something: a book by Roald Dahl. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# by

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, something, cars, new point, exam voice, several equal groups · **What happens:** do, show, mean, sit, not mean, be · **To what, where:** something, number, much, maths, stiff phrases, virtue · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«by» in the school dictionary: its 9 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [by in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/by.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By shows who does something: a book by Roald Dahl.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m1:1
# text = By shows who does something: a book by Roald Dahl.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	shows	show	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Roald	Roald	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	Dahl	Dahl	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present |  | something |  |  |  | by shows | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By shows how something is done: by bus, by hand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m2:1
# text = By shows how something is done: by bus, by hand.
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present |  |  |  |  |  | by hand | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** | present · passive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By means next to: sit by the window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m3:1
# text = By means next to: sit by the window.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	next	next	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	sit	sit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | next *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sit** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | by the window | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by window=Location |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By means not later than: be home by six.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m4:1
# text = By means not later than: be home by six.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
4	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	_
5	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
8	home	home	ADV	RB	_	4	advcl	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	six	six	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | late *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | by six; home *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In maths, by names the number you multiply or divide by, or how much something changes: grew by 3; a room 4 by 5 metres.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m5:1
# text = In maths, by names the number you multiply or divide by, or how much something changes: grew by 3; a room 4 by 5 metres.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	multiply	multiply	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	divide	divide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
16	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	obj	_	_
17	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	18	nsubj	_	_
18	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
20	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
21	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	parataxis	_	_
26	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	25	flat	_	_
27	by	by	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	29	nummod	_	_
29	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **multiply** | present | you | the number *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme |
| 2 | **divide** | present | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **change** | present | something | much |  | maths and names |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Patient |
| 4 | **grow** | past | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by 3 | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by 3=Location |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adverb, by means past: the cars went by.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m6:1
# text = As an adverb, by means past: the cars went by.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adverb	adverb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	past	past	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | as a adverb; past *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as adverb=Attribute |
| 2 | **go by** | past | the cars |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Stop by», «drop by», «pop by» mean visit for a short time; «by the way» or «btw» adds a new point.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m7:1
# text = «Stop by», «drop by», «pop by» mean visit for a short time; «by the way» or «btw» adds a new point.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Stop	stop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	drop	drop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	pop	pop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
15	mean	mean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	visit	visit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
27	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
28	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	btw	btw	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	_
31	adds	add	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
32	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
33	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop by** *in a quote* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **drop by** *in a quote* | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **add** *speech: assert* | present | a new point |  |  |  |  | by the way; btw *property* | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The exam voice uses «by» in stiff phrases: «by means of», «by virtue of», «increased by a factor of», «by the conclusion of».

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m8:1
# text = The exam voice uses «by» in stiff phrases: «by means of», «by virtue of», «increased by a factor of», «by the conclusion of».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	exam	exam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	phrases	phrase	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	virtue	virtue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	parataxis	_	_
21	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	increased	increase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	acl	_	_
26	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	factor	factor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
32	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	35	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	by	by	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	36	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | the exam voice |  |  | stiff phrases |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent by=Theme clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **mean** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **increase** *in a quote* | participle |  | virtue *not said here* |  |  |  | by a factor | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 9 {#m9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By design means on purpose, planned in advance.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:m9:1
# text = By design means on purpose, planned in advance.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	design	design	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	planned	plan	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	advance	advance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  | purpose |  | by design | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **plan** | participle |  |  |  | advance |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When there are several equal groups, we multiply the number of groups by the size of one group.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x1:1
# text = When there are several equal groups, we multiply the number of groups by the size of one group.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	3	mark	_	_
2	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
4	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	equal	equal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	multiply	multiply	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	size	size	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | several equal groups |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **multiply** | present | we | the number of groups |  |  |  | by the size of one group | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent number=Theme by size=Co-Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Divide 20 by 4.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x2:1
# text = Divide 20 by 4.
1	Divide	divide	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	obj	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **divide** | imperative | you *not said here* | 20 |  |  |  | by 4 | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent 20=Theme by 4=Co-Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cake was cut by Dad into 8 pieces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x3:1
# text = The cake was cut by Dad into 8 pieces.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Dad	Dad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | past · passive | Dad | the cake |  | 8 pieces |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent subject=Material into piece=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We go to school by bus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x4:1
# text = We go to school by bus.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | We |  |  | school |  | by bus | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to school=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The plant grew by 3 centimetres this week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x5:1
# text = The plant grew by 3 centimetres this week.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | the plant |  |  |  | week | by 3 centimetres | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by centimetre=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please hand in your homework by Friday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x6:1
# text = Please hand in your homework by Friday.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	hand	hand	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Friday	Friday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hand** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | your homework | friday |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She sat by the fire to get warm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x7:1
# text = She sat by the fire to get warm.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | She |  |  |  |  | by the fire | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by fire=Location |
| 2 | **get** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  | warm *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I learned the poem by heart.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x8:1
# text = I learned the poem by heart.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | I | the poem |  |  |  | by heart | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poem=Topic |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The children came in one by one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x9:1
# text = The children came in one by one.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the children |  |  |  |  | in one by one | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in one=Location |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
btw nan's stopping by at 5, set another plate

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x10:1
# text = btw nan's stopping by at 5, set another plate
1	btw	btw	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	nan	nan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	stopping	stopping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
11	plate	plate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set** | infinitive | nan's stopping by 5 | another plate |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient plate=Result |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sorry, I took your pen by mistake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x11:1
# text = Sorry, I took your pen by mistake.
1	Sorry	sorry	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	pen	pen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	mistake	mistake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | I | your pen |  |  |  | by mistake | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pen=Theme |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The quantity is subsequently increased by a factor of 3; determine the resulting value.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x12:1
# text = The quantity is subsequently increased by a factor of 3; determine the resulting value.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	quantity	quantity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	subsequently	subsequently	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	increased	increase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	factor	factor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
12	determine	determine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	resulting	result	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	amod	_	_
15	value	value	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **increase** | present · passive | a factor of 3 | the quantity |  |  |  | subsequently *property* | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer subject=Patient |
| 2 | **determine** | infinitive | a factor of 3 *not said here* | the resulting value |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent value=Topic |
| 3 | **result** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"No, sir, by design," returned Aladdin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:by:x13:1
# text = "No, sir, by design," returned Aladdin.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	sir	sir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	design	design	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	_
10	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	Aladdin	Aladdin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** | past | sir and design | Aladdin |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent aladdin=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [buzzing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/buzzing/)
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- ↑ back to [B in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/B/)