---
title: bygone — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «bygone» in the school dictionary: From a time long ago; past: a bygone age, bygone days. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# bygone

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** bygones, museum, Steam trains, you, 's, village · **What happens:** let, be, forget, show, remind, have · **To what, where:** bygones, old arguments, friends, life, Grandad, 's

<!-- .vabout -->
«bygone» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [bygone in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/bygone.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From a time long ago; past: a bygone age, bygone days.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:m1:1
# text = From a time long ago; past: a bygone age, bygone days.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
5	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	past	past	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	bygone	bygone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	bygone	bygone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun, plural — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Things from the past.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:m2:1
# text = Things from the past.
1	Things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «let bygones be bygones»: to forget old arguments and be friends again.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:m3:1
# text = In «let bygones be bygones»: to forget old arguments and be friends again.
1	In	in	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bygones	bygone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	bygones	bygone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	forget	forget	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
11	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	arguments	argument	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	cop	_	_
15	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
16	again	again	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** *in a quote* | imperative |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | infinitive | bygones | bygones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **forget** | to-infinitive |  | old arguments |  |  | again |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | infinitive |  | friends |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum shows life in a bygone age.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:x1:1
# text = The museum shows life in a bygone age.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	bygone	bygone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the museum | life |  |  | in a bygone age |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent life=Patient in age=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Steam trains remind Grandad of bygone days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:x2:1
# text = Steam trains remind Grandad of bygone days.
1	Steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	trains	train	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	remind	remind	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	bygone	bygone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remind** *speech: other* | present | Steam trains |  | Grandad |  | day |  | vn tell-37.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent grandad=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's let bygones be bygones and be friends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:x3:1
# text = Let's let bygones be bygones and be friends.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	bygones	bygone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	bygones	bygone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	xcomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	cop	_	_
9	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **let** | infinitive | 's *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | infinitive | bygones | bygones and friends |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | infinitive | bygones *not said here* | friends |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The village still has the charm of a bygone era.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:x4:1
# text = The village still has the charm of a bygone era.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	charm	charm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	bygone	bygone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the village | the charm of a bygone era |  |  | still |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent charm=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They talked about bygones all evening.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:x5:1
# text = They talked about bygones all evening.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	talked	talk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	bygones	bygone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **talk** | past | They |  |  |  | evening | about bygones | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about bygone=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They held each other by the hand exactly as the great-grandfather and the great-grandmother had done outside, and, like them, they talked about bygone days and of their golden wedding.

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:bygone:x6:1
# text = They held each other by the hand exactly as the great-grandfather and the great-grandmother had done outside, and, like them, they talked about bygone days and of their golden wedding.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	2	obj	_	_
4	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	fixed	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	grandfather	grandfather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	grandmother	grandmother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
19	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
21	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	like	like	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
28	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	talked	talk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
30	about	about	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	bygone	bygone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obl	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	37	nmod:poss	_	_
36	golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	wedding	wedding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | They | each |  |  |  | by the hand | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent each=Theme by hand=Location |
| 2 | **do** | past · perfect · passive |  | the great grandfather and the great grandmother |  |  |  | outside *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 3 | **talk** | past | grandfather |  |  |  | day | like grandfather | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **wed** |  | grandfather |  |  |  |  |  | nom wedding «event transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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