---
title: calamity — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «calamity» in the school dictionary: A terrible event that causes great damage, loss or suffering, like an earthquake or a flood. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# calamity

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** terrible event, mess, I, flood, great calamity, Spilling · **What happens:** cause, make, sound, be, lose, strike · **To what, where:** great damage, mess, calamity, pencil, kingdom, paint

<!-- .vabout -->
«calamity» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [calamity in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/calamity.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A terrible event that causes great damage, loss or suffering, like an earthquake or a flood.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:m1:1
# text = A terrible event that causes great damage, loss or suffering, like an earthquake or a flood.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	terrible	terrible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	event	event	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	suffering	suffering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	earthquake	earthquake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present | a terrible event | great damage and loss or suffering and a earthquake or a flood |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition damage=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, joking — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small accident or mess made to sound big ("It's a calamity.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:m2:1
# text = A small accident or mess made to sound big ("It's a calamity.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	mess	mess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	sound	sound	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | mess *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sound** | to-infinitive | mess *not said here* |  |  |  |  | big *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | mess | a calamity |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I've lost my pencil!").

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:m2e:1
# text = I've lost my pencil!").
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | present · perfect | I | my pencil |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pencil=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flood was a calamity for the whole village.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x1:1
# text = The flood was a calamity for the whole village.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the flood | a calamity |  |  |  | for the whole village | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A great calamity struck the kingdom.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x2:1
# text = A great calamity struck the kingdom.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	struck	strike	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	kingdom	kingdom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **strike** | past | a great calamity | the kingdom |  |  |  |  | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kingdom=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spilling the paint on the carpet was a calamity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x3:1
# text = Spilling the paint on the carpet was a calamity.
1	Spilling	spill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	carpet	carpet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spill** | gerund |  | the paint |  | the carpet |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location paint=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Spilling | a calamity |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Earthquakes are natural calamities.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x4:1
# text = Earthquakes are natural calamities.
1	Earthquakes	earthquake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	calamities	calamity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Earthquakes | natural calamities |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oh no, what a calamity, we've run out of milk!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x5:1
# text = Oh no, what a calamity, we've run out of milk!
1	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	10	discourse	_	_
2	no	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	1	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
4	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	1	parataxis	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	run	run	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present · perfect | we |  |  | milk |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme out milk=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The war brought calamity to many families.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x6:1
# text = The war brought calamity to many families.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | past | the war | calamity |  | many families |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent calamity=Theme to family=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Losing the map was a calamity on our hike.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x7:1
# text = Losing the map was a calamity on our hike.
1	Losing	lose	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	map	map	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	hike	hike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | gerund |  | the map |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent map=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Losing | a calamity |  | our hike |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **hike** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom hike «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whenever you are in any calamity just think of me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calamity:x8:1
# text = Whenever you are in any calamity just think of me.
1	Whenever	whenever	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	0	root	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	calamity	calamity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	think	think	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | you |  |  | any calamity |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | infinitive | any calamity *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of me | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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