---
title: calculus — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «calculus» in the school dictionary: A branch of advanced maths that studies how things change and how to add up endless tiny pieces, used for speed, curves, areas and motion. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# calculus

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** branch, things, hard stone, big sister, Calculus, engineers · **What happens:** study, change, add up, use, form, learn · **To what, where:** endless tiny pieces, hard tartar, body, calculus, college, engineers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«calculus» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [calculus in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/calculus.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A branch of advanced maths that studies how things change and how to add up endless tiny pieces, used for speed, curves, areas and motion.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:m1:1
# text = A branch of advanced maths that studies how things change and how to add up endless tiny pieces, used for speed, curves, areas and motion.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	advanced	advanced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	add	add	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
15	up	up	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	endless	endless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	curves	curve	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	areas	area	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | a branch |  |  |  |  | of advanced maths | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **change** | present | things |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **add up** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | things *not said here* | endless tiny pieces and curves and areas and motion |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient |
| 4 | **use** | participle |  | endless tiny pieces and curves and areas and motion *not said here* |  |  |  | for speed | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hard stone that forms in the body, such as a kidney stone; also hard tartar on teeth (dental calculus).

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:m2:1
# text = A hard stone that forms in the body, such as a kidney stone; also hard tartar on teeth (dental calculus).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	kidney	kidney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
16	also	also	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	tartar	tartar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
21	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	dental	dental	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	calculus	calculus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | a hard stone | hard tartar on teeth |  | the body and a kidney stone |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in body=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My big sister is learning calculus at college.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:x1:1
# text = My big sister is learning calculus at college.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	calculus	calculus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	college	college	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present · progressive | My big sister | calculus |  | college |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calculus=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Calculus helps engineers design bridges and rockets.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:x2:1
# text = Calculus helps engineers design bridges and rockets.
1	Calculus	Calculus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	engineers	engineer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	design	design	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	bridges	bridge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	rockets	rocket	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Calculus | engineers |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent engineer=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **design** | infinitive | engineers *not said here* | bridges and rockets |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bridge=Result |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Newton and Leibniz both worked out calculus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:x3:1
# text = Newton and Leibniz both worked out calculus.
1	Newton	Newton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Leibniz	Leibniz	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	both	both	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	calculus	calculus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work out** | past | Newton and Leibniz | calculus |  |  |  | both *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calculus=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Calculus can tell you how fast a ball is moving at each moment.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:x4:1
# text = Calculus can tell you how fast a ball is moving at each moment.
1	Calculus	calculus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
6	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | can | Calculus |  | you |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient |
| 2 | **move** | present · progressive | a ball |  |  |  | moment | fast *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dentist cleaned the calculus off my teeth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:x5:1
# text = The dentist cleaned the calculus off my teeth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dentist	dentist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cleaned	clean	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	calculus	calculus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	off	off	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clean** | past | the dentist | the calculus |  | my teeth |  |  | vn clear-10.3 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent calculus=Theme off tooth=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You need algebra before you can learn calculus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calculus:x6:1
# text = You need algebra before you can learn calculus.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	algebra	algebra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	calculus	calculus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | You | algebra |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot algebra=Theme |
| 2 | **learn** | can | you | calculus |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calculus=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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