---
title: caldera — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «caldera» in the school dictionary: A large bowl-shaped hollow formed when the top of a volcano collapses after a huge eruption. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# caldera

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** large shaped hollow, top, Yellowstone, caldera, volcano, Lake · **What happens:** shape, form, collapse, sit, fill, become · **To what, where:** top, caldera, lake, size, broken caldera

<!-- .vabout -->
«caldera» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [caldera in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/caldera.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large bowl-shaped hollow formed when the top of a volcano collapses after a huge eruption.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:m1:1
# text = A large bowl-shaped hollow formed when the top of a volcano collapses after a huge eruption.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
3	bowl	bowl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	hollow	hollow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	14	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	collapses	collapse	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
15	after	after	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	eruption	eruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **form** | past | a large shaped hollow |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **collapse** | present | the top of a volcano |  |  |  | after a huge eruption |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yellowstone sits on top of a huge caldera.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:x1:1
# text = Yellowstone sits on top of a huge caldera.
1	Yellowstone	Yellowstone	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sits	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	caldera	caldera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | present | Yellowstone |  |  | top of a huge caldera |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on top=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The caldera filled with water and became a lake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:x2:1
# text = The caldera filled with water and became a lake.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	caldera	caldera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	filled	fill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
7	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | participle |  | the caldera *not said here* |  |  |  | with water | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with water=Instrument |
| 2 | **become** | past | the caldera | a lake |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A caldera forms when a volcano collapses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:x3:1
# text = A caldera forms when a volcano collapses.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	caldera	caldera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	7	mark	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	collapses	collapse	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | a caldera |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **collapse** | present | a volcano |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lake Taupō in New Zealand is in a caldera.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:x4:1
# text = Lake Taupō in New Zealand is in a caldera.
1	Lake	Lake	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
2	Taupō	Taupō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	flat	_	_
5	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	caldera	caldera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lake in New Zealand |  |  | a caldera |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists measured the size of the caldera.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:x5:1
# text = Scientists measured the size of the caldera.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	measured	measure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	size	size	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	caldera	caldera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | past | Scientists | the size of the caldera |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme size=Value |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The island of Santorini is a broken caldera.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:caldera:x6:1
# text = The island of Santorini is a broken caldera.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	island	island	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Santorini	Santorini	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	caldera	caldera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the island of Santorini | a broken caldera |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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