---
title: calf — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «calf» in the school dictionary: A calf is a young cow or bull. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# calf

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** calf, cow, whale, I, you, farm · **What happens:** be, lick, call, swim, pull, stretch · **To what, where:** young cow, young, back part, new calf, baby elephant, muscle · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«calf» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [calf in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/calf.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A calf is a young cow or bull.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:m1:1
# text = A calf is a young cow or bull.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	bull	bull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a calf | a young cow or bull |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A calf is the young of some other large animals, like elephants, whales, giraffes and deer.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:m2:1
# text = A calf is the young of some other large animals, like elephants, whales, giraffes and deer.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	young	young	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	giraffes	giraffe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	deer	deer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a calf | the young |  |  |  | of some other large animals  giraffes and deer and elephants and whales | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your calf is the back part of your leg between the knee and the ankle.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:m3:1
# text = Your calf is the back part of your leg between the knee and the ankle.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	between	between	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	ankle	ankle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Your calf | the back part and the ankle |  |  |  | of your leg between the knee | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cow licked her new calf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x1:1
# text = The cow licked her new calf.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	licked	lick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lick** | past | the cow | cow's new calf |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent calf=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A baby elephant is called a calf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x2:1
# text = A baby elephant is called a calf.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | a baby elephant |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The whale and her calf swam together.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x3:1
# text = The whale and her calf swam together.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	together	together	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | the whale and her calf |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I pulled a muscle in my calf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x4:1
# text = I pulled a muscle in my calf.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pulled	pull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	muscle	muscle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | past | I | a muscle |  |  |  | in my calf | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stretch your calves before running.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x5:1
# text = Stretch your calves before running.
1	Stretch	stretch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stretch** | imperative | you *not said here* | your calves |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent calf=Patient |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farm has twenty calves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x6:1
# text = The farm has twenty calves.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the farm | twenty calves |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calf=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I had another calf killed; this one was led away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calf:x7:1
# text = I had another calf killed; this one was led away.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
4	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
11	away	away	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **kill** | past | another calf |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **lead away** | past · passive |  | this one |  |  |  | away *property* | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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