---
title: callus — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «callus» in the school dictionary: A callus is a patch of hard, thick skin on your hands or feet, made by rubbing or pressing again and again. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# callus

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** callus, hard lump, Playing, you, gymnast, Walking · **What happens:** be, make, press, form, break, heal · **To what, where:** patch, hard lump, broken bone, guitar, fingertips, calluses

<!-- .vabout -->
«callus» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [callus in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/callus.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A callus is a patch of hard, thick skin on your hands or feet, made by rubbing or pressing again and again.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:m1:1
# text = A callus is a patch of hard, thick skin on your hands or feet, made by rubbing or pressing again and again.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	callus	callus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	patch	patch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	rubbing	rubbing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	pressing	press	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	conj	_	_
22	again	again	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	again	again	ADV	RB	_	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a callus | a patch |  |  |  | of hard thick skin on your hands or feet | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by rubbing | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **press** | gerund |  |  |  |  | again |  | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A callus is also the hard lump that forms around a broken bone as it heals.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:m2:1
# text = A callus is also the hard lump that forms around a broken bone as it heals.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	callus	callus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	lump	lump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	around	around	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	amod	_	_
13	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	heals	heal	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a callus | the hard lump |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **form** | present | the hard lump |  |  | a broken bone |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around bone=Location |
| 3 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **heal** | present | callus |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Playing guitar gives you calluses on your fingertips.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:x1:1
# text = Playing guitar gives you calluses on your fingertips.
1	Playing	play	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	guitar	guitar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	calluses	callus	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	fingertips	fingertip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | gerund |  | guitar |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent guitar=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | present | Playing |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **callus** | present | you |  |  | your fingertips |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The gymnast had calluses on her hands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:x2:1
# text = The gymnast had calluses on her hands.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gymnast	gymnast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	calluses	callus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the gymnast | calluses |  | gymnast's hands |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent callus=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walking barefoot can make calluses on your feet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:x3:1
# text = Walking barefoot can make calluses on your feet.
1	Walking	walk	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	barefoot	barefoot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	calluses	callus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | gerund |  | barefoot |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme barefoot=Trajectory |
| 2 | **make** | can | Walking | calluses |  | your feet |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset callus=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer's hands were rough with calluses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:x4:1
# text = The farmer's hands were rough with calluses.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	calluses	callus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the farmer's hands |  |  |  |  | with calluses; rough *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A callus forms around a broken bone as it heals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:callus:x5:1
# text = A callus forms around a broken bone as it heals.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	callus	callus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	heals	heal	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | a callus |  |  | a broken bone |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around bone=Location |
| 2 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **heal** | present | callus |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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