---
title: calve — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «calve» in the school dictionary: To give birth to a calf. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# calve

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cow, glacier, We, ice, Elephants, farmer · **What happens:** give, have, break off, fall, be, calve · **To what, where:** birth, calf, big piece, sea, cows, huge iceberg

<!-- .vabout -->
«calve» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [calve in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/calve.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of a cow, whale, elephant and some other animals — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To give birth to a calf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:m1:1
# text = To give birth to a calf.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | to-infinitive |  | birth | a calf |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent birth=Theme to calf=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of a glacier or iceberg — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To have a big piece of ice break off and fall into the sea.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:m2:1
# text = To have a big piece of ice break off and fall into the sea.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	break	break	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
12	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | to-infinitive |  | a big piece of ice |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient |
| 2 | **break off** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **fall** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | into the sea *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into sea=Result |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cow is due to calve next week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x1:1
# text = The cow is due to calve next week.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	due	due	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	calve	calve	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the cow |  |  |  |  | due *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **calve** | to-infinitive | the cow *not said here* |  |  |  | week |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most of the cows calved in March.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x2:1
# text = Most of the cows calved in March.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	calved	calve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	March	March	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | participle |  | the cows *not said here* |  |  | march |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The glacier calved a huge iceberg into the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x3:1
# text = The glacier calved a huge iceberg into the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	calved	calve	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	iceberg	iceberg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | past | the glacier | a huge iceberg |  | the sea |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We watched a video of ice calving into the ocean.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x4:1
# text = We watched a video of ice calving into the ocean.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	calving	calve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
8	into	into	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ocean	ocean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past | We | a video of ice |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent video=Theme |
| 2 | **calve** | gerund | ice *not said here* |  |  | the ocean |  |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Elephants calve about every four or five years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x5:1
# text = Elephants calve about every four or five years.
1	Elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	calve	calve	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	conj	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | present | Elephants |  |  |  | year |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer stayed up all night while the cow calved.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x6:1
# text = The farmer stayed up all night while the cow calved.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
10	calved	calve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay up** | past | the farmer |  |  |  | night |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **calve** | participle |  | the cow *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As soon as they have calved, I shall sell the calves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calve:x7:1
# text = As soon as they have calved, I shall sell the calves.
1	As	as	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
3	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	calved	calve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	sell	sell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | present · perfect | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sell** | shall | I | the calves |  |  |  | soon *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calf=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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