---
title: calving — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «calving» in the school dictionary: The birth of a calf, especially on a farm. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# calving

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** It, vet, Calving, Scientists, ice sheets, farmer · **What happens:** make, calve, come, help, measure, see · **To what, where:** icebergs, dairy farm, glacier, huge splash, cows, ice · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«calving» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [calving in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/calving.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The birth of a calf, especially on a farm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:m1:1
# text = The birth of a calf, especially on a farm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	calf	calf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The breaking off of ice from the edge of a glacier or ice sheet into the sea, making icebergs.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:m2:1
# text = The breaking off of ice from the edge of a glacier or ice sheet into the sea, making icebergs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	breaking	breaking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	sheet	sheet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
20	icebergs	iceberg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | icebergs |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset iceberg=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is calving season on the dairy farm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:x1:1
# text = It is calving season on the dairy farm.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	calving	calve	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	dairy	dairy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | present · progressive | It |  |  | the dairy farm | season |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The vet came to help with a difficult calving.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:x2:1
# text = The vet came to help with a difficult calving.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	vet	vet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	_
9	calving	calve	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the vet |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive | the vet *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **calve** | gerund | the vet *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Calving at the glacier made a huge splash.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:x3:1
# text = Calving at the glacier made a huge splash.
1	Calving	calve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	splash	splash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | gerund |  |  |  | the glacier |  |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | past | Calving | a huge splash |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset splash=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists measure calving to see how fast ice sheets shrink.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:x4:1
# text = Scientists measure calving to see how fast ice sheets shrink.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	measure	measure	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	calving	calve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
7	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
8	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	sheets	sheet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	shrink	shrink	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | present | Scientists |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **calve** | gerund | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **see** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 4 | **shrink** | present | ice sheets |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During calving, the farmer checks the cows at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:x5:1
# text = During calving, the farmer checks the cows at night.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	calving	calve	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	checks	check	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | gerund | the farmer *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calve-28.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **check** | present | the farmer | the cows |  |  | night |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cow=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The noise of calving ice sounded like thunder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:calving:x6:1
# text = The noise of calving ice sounded like thunder.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	calving	calve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	sounded	sound	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	thunder	thunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **calve** | gerund | the noise *not said here* | ice |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sound** | past | the noise |  |  |  |  | like thunder | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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