---
title: candle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «candle» in the school dictionary: A candle is a stick of wax with a string (a wick) in the middle that you light to give a small flame and light. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# candle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** candle, you, power, We, ten candles · **What happens:** be, light, give, use, make, blow out · **To what, where:** stick, middle, that, small flame, Candles, wish

<!-- .vabout -->
«candle» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [candle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/candle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A candle is a stick of wax with a string (a wick) in the middle that you light to give a small flame and light.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:m1:1
# text = A candle is a stick of wax with a string (a wick) in the middle that you light to give a small flame and light.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	wax	wax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	string	string	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	wick	wick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	13	punct	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
18	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	obj	_	_
19	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	light	light	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	flame	flame	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a candle | a stick |  | the middle |  | of wax; with a string | tree rules |
| 2 | **light** | present | you | that |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | a small flame and light |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent flame=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Candles are used for light when the power is off, for birthday cakes, for celebrations and for nice smells.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:m2:1
# text = Candles are used for light when the power is off, for birthday cakes, for celebrations and for nice smells.
1	Candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	off	off	ADV	RB	_	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	cakes	cake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	celebrations	celebration	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	nice	nice	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	smells	smell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Candles |  |  |  | for light; for birthday cakes; for celebrations and nice smells | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for light=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is** | present | the power |  |  |  |  | off *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Make a wish and blow out the candles on your cake!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x1:1
# text = Make a wish and blow out the candles on your cake!
1	Make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	wish	wish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	blow	blow	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
6	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | imperative | you *not said here* | a wish |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset wish=Product |
| 2 | **blow out** | infinitive | you *not said here* | the candles |  | your cake |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent candle=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We lit candles when the power went off.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x2:1
# text = We lit candles when the power went off.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lit	light	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	off	off	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** | past | We | candles |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent candle=Product |
| 2 | **go off** | past | the power |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never leave a candle burning in an empty room.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x3:1
# text = Never leave a candle burning in an empty room.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	leave	leave	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	burning	burn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **leave** | imperative | you *not said here* | a candle |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent candle=Theme |
| 2 | **burn** | gerund | a candle *not said here* |  |  | a empty room |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in room=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep candles away from curtains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x4:1
# text = Keep candles away from curtains.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	away	away	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	curtains	curtain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep away** | imperative | you *not said here* | candles |  | curtains |  | away *property* | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer candle=Beneficiary from curtain=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The candle went out when we put a jar over it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x5:1
# text = The candle went out when we put a jar over it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	jar	jar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	over	over	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go out** | past | the candle |  |  |  |  |  | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **put** | past | we | a jar |  | candle |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent jar=Theme over it=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were ten candles on my birthday cake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x6:1
# text = There were ten candles on my birthday cake.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	birthday	birthday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | ten candles on my birthday cake |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The wax dripped down the side of the candle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x7:1
# text = The wax dripped down the side of the candle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	wax	wax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	dripped	drip	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drip** | participle |  | the wax *not said here* |  | the side of the candle |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme down side=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We read a story by candlelight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x8:1
# text = We read a story by candlelight.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	candlelight	candlelight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | We | a story |  |  |  | by candlelight | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Topic |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The candles were now lighted--what brightness!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:candle:x9:1
# text = The candles were now lighted--what brightness!
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	candles	candle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
5	lighted	light	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	8	nsubj	_	_
8	brightness	brightness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** | past · passive |  | the candles |  |  | now |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **brightness** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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