---
title: canton — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «canton» in the school dictionary: One of the states into which Switzerland is divided (26 cantons), each with its own government. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# canton

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Cantonese food, Geneva, canton, Union Jack, Rhone, bridge · **What happens:** divide, come, make up, be, have, speak · **To what, where:** Switzerland, states, canton, own laws, old name, Cantonese · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«canton» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [canton in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/canton.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One of the states into which Switzerland is divided (26 cantons), each with its own government.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:m1:1
# text = One of the states into which Switzerland is divided (26 cantons), each with its own government.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	states	state	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
7	Switzerland	Switzerland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	divided	divide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	26	26	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	cantons	canton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	appos	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **divide** | present · passive |  | Switzerland |  | the states |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small district of some other countries, such as France or Luxembourg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:m2:1
# text = A small district of some other countries, such as France or Luxembourg.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	district	district	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
6	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Canton: the old English name for Guangzhou, a big city in southern China; Cantonese food and language come from there.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:m3:1
# text = Canton: the old English name for Guangzhou, a big city in southern China; Cantonese food and language come from there.
1	Canton	Canton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Guangzhou	Guangzhou	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	Cantonese	cantonese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	_
21	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
22	from	from	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Cantonese food and language |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from there=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The top corner of a flag next to the pole (in heraldry and flag design).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:m4:1
# text = The top corner of a flag next to the pole (in heraldry and flag design).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	corner	corner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	flag	flag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	next	next	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pole	pole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	heraldry	heraldry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	flag	flag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	design	design	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Switzerland is made up of 26 cantons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x1:1
# text = Switzerland is made up of 26 cantons.
1	Switzerland	Switzerland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	26	26	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	cantons	canton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make up** | present · passive |  | Switzerland |  |  |  | of 26 cantons | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Pivot |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Geneva is a canton and also a city.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x2:1
# text = Geneva is a canton and also a city.
1	Geneva	geneva	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	canton	canton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Geneva | a canton and a city |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each canton has its own laws about schools.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x3:1
# text = Each canton has its own laws about schools.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	canton	canton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | each canton | canton's own laws |  |  |  | about schools | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent law=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Canton is the old name for Guangzhou.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x4:1
# text = Canton is the old name for Guangzhou.
1	Canton	Canton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Guangzhou	Guangzhou	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Canton | the old name |  |  |  | for Guangzhou | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cantonese is spoken in Hong Kong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x5:1
# text = Cantonese is spoken in Hong Kong.
1	Cantonese	cantonese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Hong	Hong	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	Kong	Kong	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | Cantonese |  | Hong |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Union Jack is in the canton of the Australian flag.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x6:1
# text = The Union Jack is in the canton of the Australian flag.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Union	Union	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Jack	Jack	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	canton	canton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	Australian	Australian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	flag	flag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Union Jack |  |  | the canton |  | of the Australian flag | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
These cantons are separated by the Rhone, over which is a bridge that unites them.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canton:x7:1
# text = These cantons are separated by the Rhone, over which is a bridge that unites them.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	cantons	canton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	separated	separate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Rhone	rhone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	unites	unite	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **separate** | present · passive | the Rhone | this cantons |  |  |  |  | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | a bridge |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **unite** | present | a bridge | cantons *= canton* |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [canticle](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/canticle/)
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- ↑ back to [C in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/)