---
title: canyon — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «canyon» in the school dictionary: A canyon is a deep, narrow valley with steep rocky sides, usually cut by a river over a very long time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# canyon

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** canyon, Grand Canyon, river, We, canyon walls, Hikers · **What happens:** be, cut, carve, shout, hear, walk down · **To what, where:** deep narrow valley, Arizona, canyon, millions, echo

<!-- .vabout -->
«canyon» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [canyon in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/canyon.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A canyon is a deep, narrow valley with steep rocky sides, usually cut by a river over a very long time.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:m1:1
# text = A canyon is a deep, narrow valley with steep rocky sides, usually cut by a river over a very long time.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	over	over	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
21	very	very	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a canyon | a deep narrow valley |  |  |  | with steep rocky sides | tree rules |
| 2 | **cut** | participle |  | a deep narrow valley *not said here* |  |  | time | by a river; usually *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Grand Canyon is in Arizona.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x1:1
# text = The Grand Canyon is in Arizona.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Grand	Grand	PROPN	NNP	_	3	compound	_	_
3	Canyon	Canyon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Arizona	Arizona	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Grand Canyon |  |  | Arizona |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The river carved the canyon over millions of years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x2:1
# text = The river carved the canyon over millions of years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	carved	carve	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | past | the river | the canyon |  | millions of years |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent canyon=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We shouted and heard our echo in the canyon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x3:1
# text = We shouted and heard our echo in the canyon.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	echo	echo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hear** | past | We *not said here* | our echo |  | the canyon |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer echo=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The canyon walls were red and orange.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x4:1
# text = The canyon walls were red and orange.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	orange	orange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the canyon walls |  |  |  |  | red *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the canyon walls *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hikers walked down to the bottom of the canyon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x5:1
# text = Hikers walked down to the bottom of the canyon.
1	Hikers	hiker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk down** | past | Hikers |  |  |  |  | to the bottom of the canyon *result*; down *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to bottom=Result |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A canyon is deeper and narrower than most valleys.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x6:1
# text = A canyon is deeper and narrower than most valleys.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	deeper	deep	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	narrower	narrow	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	9	amod	_	_
9	valleys	valley	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a canyon |  |  |  |  | than most valleys; deep *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a canyon *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stay away from the edge of the canyon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:canyon:x7:1
# text = Stay away from the edge of the canyon.
1	Stay	stay	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	away	away	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	canyon	canyon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay away** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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