---
title: carbonise — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «carbonise» in the school dictionary: To turn something into carbon or charcoal by heating it strongly, usually without much air. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# carbonise

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** food, Dad, Archaeologists, you, sugar, fossil leaf · **What happens:** turn, heat, change, burn, go, make · **To what, where:** something, carbon, charcoal, dead plants, coal, food

<!-- .vabout -->
«carbonise» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [carbonise in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/carbonise.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To turn something into carbon or charcoal by heating it strongly, usually without much air.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:m1:1
# text = To turn something into carbon or charcoal by heating it strongly, usually without much air.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	turn	turn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	carbon	carbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	charcoal	charcoal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	heating	heat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	advcl	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	strongly	strongly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	without	without	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | to-infinitive |  | something |  | carbon or charcoal |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent something=Theme into carbon=Trajectory |
| 2 | **heat** | gerund |  | charcoal |  |  |  | without much air; strongly *property* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To change dead plants slowly into coal or into a black carbon layer over a very long time.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:m2:1
# text = To change dead plants slowly into coal or into a black carbon layer over a very long time.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	change	change	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	carbon	carbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
14	over	over	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	very	very	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | to-infinitive |  | dead plants |  |  | time | into coal or a black carbon layer *result*; slowly *property* | vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V NP.patient PP.result»: agent=Agent plant=Patient into coal=Result |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: cooking, joking — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To burn food so badly that it goes black and hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:m3:1
# text = To burn food so badly that it goes black and hard.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	burn	burn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
9	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **burn** | to-infinitive |  | food |  |  |  | badly *property* | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent food=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | present | food |  |  |  |  | black *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Charcoal is made by carbonising wood in a kiln with little air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x1:1
# text = Charcoal is made by carbonising wood in a kiln with little air.
1	Charcoal	charcoal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	carbonising	carbonis	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	kiln	kiln	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Charcoal |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **carbonis** | gerund |  | wood |  | a kiln |  | with little air | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Over millions of years the buried ferns were carbonised into coal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x2:1
# text = Over millions of years the buried ferns were carbonised into coal.
1	Over	over	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	buried	bury	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	ferns	fern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bury** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **carbonis** | past · passive |  | the buried ferns |  | millions of years |  | into coal | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad left the toast in too long and carbonised it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x3:1
# text = Dad left the toast in too long and carbonised it.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
6	too	too	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave in** | past | Dad | the toast |  |  |  | long *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toast=Theme |
| 2 | **carbonis** | past | Dad *not said here* | toast |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeologists found carbonised grain in the old Roman oven.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x4:1
# text = Archaeologists found carbonised grain in the old Roman oven.
1	Archaeologists	archaeologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	grain	grain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	oven	oven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Archaeologists | carbonised grain |  | the old Roman oven |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grain=Topic |
| 2 | **carbonis** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If you heat sugar too long, it starts to carbonise and smell bitter.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x5:1
# text = If you heat sugar too long, it starts to carbonise and smell bitter.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	heat	heat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
4	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	too	too	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	starts	start	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	carbonise	carbonise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	smell	smell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
14	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **heat** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you | sugar |  |  |  | long *property* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sugar=Patient |
| 2 | **start** | present | sugar |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **carbonise** | to-infinitive | sugar *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **smell** | infinitive | sugar *not said here* |  |  |  |  | bitter *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fossil leaf was a thin carbonised film on the rock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x6:1
# text = The fossil leaf was a thin carbonised film on the rock.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carbonis** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the fossil leaf | a thin carbonised film |  | the rock |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't carbonise the marshmallows, just toast them golden.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:carbonise:x7:1
# text = Don't carbonise the marshmallows, just toast them golden.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	carbonise	carbonise	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	marshmallows	marshmallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	toast	toast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	_
10	golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **carbonise** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | the marshmallows |  |  |  | toast  marshmallows *obl* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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