---
title: cartilage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cartilage» in the school dictionary: Cartilage is a strong, bendy material in the body, softer than bone, found in the ears, the end of the nose and between bones in joints. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cartilage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Cartilage, you, ear, Sharks, footballer, tip · **What happens:** be, find, feel, bend, make, protect · **To what, where:** strong bendy material, body, bone, ears, piece, ear

<!-- .vabout -->
«cartilage» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cartilage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cartilage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cartilage is a strong, bendy material in the body, softer than bone, found in the ears, the end of the nose and between bones in joints.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:m1:1
# text = Cartilage is a strong, bendy material in the body, softer than bone, found in the ears, the end of the nose and between bones in joints.
1	Cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	bendy	bendy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	softer	soft	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
13	than	than	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	between	between	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	conj	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	joints	joint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Cartilage | a strong bendy material and the end of the nose and bones in joints |  | the body |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **find** | participle |  | bone *not said here* |  | the ears |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cartilage is a piece of this material, especially in the knee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:m2:1
# text = A cartilage is a piece of this material, especially in the knee.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cartilage | a piece and the knee |  |  |  | of this material | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Feel your ear: it bends because it is made of cartilage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:x1:1
# text = Feel your ear: it bends because it is made of cartilage.
1	Feel	feel	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	bends	bend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
7	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	advcl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | imperative | you *not said here* | your ear |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ear=Theme |
| 2 | **bend** | present | ear |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **make** | present · passive |  | ear |  |  |  | of cartilage | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cartilage protects the ends of bones in your joints.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:x2:1
# text = Cartilage protects the ends of bones in your joints.
1	Cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ends	end	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	joints	joint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present | Cartilage | the ends of bones |  | your joints |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent end=Beneficiary |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage, not bone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:x3:1
# text = Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage, not bone.
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Sharks | skeletons |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | skeletons *not said here* |  |  |  | of cartilage and bone | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The footballer tore a cartilage in his knee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:x4:1
# text = The footballer tore a cartilage in his knee.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	footballer	footballer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tore	tore	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tore** | past | the footballer | a cartilage |  | footballer's knee |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tip of your nose is cartilage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:x5:1
# text = The tip of your nose is cartilage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tip	tip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the tip of your nose | cartilage |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A baby's bones have lots of cartilage that turns into bone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilage:x6:1
# text = A baby's bones have lots of cartilage that turns into bone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	into	into	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a baby's bones | lots of cartilage |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Patient |
| 2 | **turn** | present | cartilage |  |  | bone |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into bone=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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