---
title: cartilaginous — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cartilaginous» in the school dictionary: Made of cartilage, the tough, bendy tissue found in your ears, nose and the ends of bones. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/cartilaginous/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [C](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/) / cartilaginous

# cartilaginous

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sharks, ears, Rays, tip, Cartilaginous fish, We · **What happens:** make, find, have, be, bend, compare · **To what, where:** tough bendy tissue, ears, skeleton, cartilaginous fish, cartilaginous skeletons, swim bladder

<!-- .vabout -->
«cartilaginous» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cartilaginous in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cartilaginous.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Made of cartilage, the tough, bendy tissue found in your ears, nose and the ends of bones.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:m1:1
# text = Made of cartilage, the tough, bendy tissue found in your ears, nose and the ends of bones.
1	Made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	tough	tough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	bendy	bendy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	tissue	tissue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
10	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	ends	end	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | of cartilage | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **find** | participle |  | the tough bendy tissue *not said here* |  | your ears and nose and the ends of bones |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of fish — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Having a skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone, like sharks and rays.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:m2:1
# text = Having a skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone, like sharks and rays.
1	Having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	appos	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | gerund |  | a skeleton |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a skeleton *not said here* |  |  |  | of cartilage | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sharks are cartilaginous fish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:x1:1
# text = Sharks are cartilaginous fish.
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sharks | cartilaginous fish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your ears are cartilaginous, so they bend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:x2:1
# text = Your ears are cartilaginous, so they bend.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	bend	bend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Your ears |  |  |  |  | cartilaginous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **bend** | present | ears *= ear* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rays and skates have cartilaginous skeletons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:x3:1
# text = Rays and skates have cartilaginous skeletons.
1	Rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	skates	skate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Rays and skates | cartilaginous skeletons |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tip of your nose is cartilaginous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:x4:1
# text = The tip of your nose is cartilaginous.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tip	tip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the tip of your nose |  |  |  |  | cartilaginous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cartilaginous fish have no swim bladder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:x5:1
# text = Cartilaginous fish have no swim bladder.
1	Cartilaginous	Cartilaginous	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
5	swim	swim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	bladder	bladder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Cartilaginous fish | no swim bladder |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bladder=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We compared cartilaginous fish with bony fish in class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cartilaginous:x6:1
# text = We compared cartilaginous fish with bony fish in class.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	compared	compare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cartilaginous	cartilaginous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	bony	bony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compare** | past | We | cartilaginous fish |  | class |  | with bony fish | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent fish=Patient with fish=Co-Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [cartilage](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/cartilage/)
- next →: [cartload](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/cartload/)
- ↑ back to [C in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/)